Everett C. Gilbertson, Sui Juris
c/o general delivery
Battle Lake [zip code exempt]
MINNESOTA STATE
 
In Propria Persona
 
All Rights Reserved
without prejudice
 
 
 
 
 
 
               DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
 
                 JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA
 
                         FOURTH DIVISION
 
 
Everett C. Gilbertson,        )  Docket Number:  CR-4-96-65
                              )
          Plaintiff,          )  MEMORANDUM OF POINTS AND
                              )  AUTHORITIES IN SUPPORT OF
     v.                       )  NOTICE AND DEMAND FOR
                              )  EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF
United States,                )  COUNSEL OF CHOICE:
and Does 1-99,                )
                              )  Sixth Amendment
          Respondents.        )
______________________________)
 
COMES NOW  Everett C. Gilbertson, Sui Juris, Citizen of Minnesota
 
state,  expressly  not  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and
 
Plaintiff in the above entitled matter (hereinafter "Plaintiff"),
 
to present  this, His  MEMORANDUM OF  POINTS AND  AUTHORITIES  IN
 
SUPPORT OF  NOTICE AND DEMAND FOR EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
 
OF CHOICE,  and  to  provide  formal  Notice  to  all  interested
 
party(s) of same.
 
     The Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states:
 
     In all  criminal prosecutions,  the accused  shall enjoy the
     right ... to have the assistance of Counsel for his defence.
 
 
     Plaintiff asks  this honorable Court to take Judicial Notice
 
of the  fact that  many of the men who contributed to the writing
 
or ratifying  of the  Constitution were  attorneys, such  as John
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 1 of 32

 

Jay, first  Chief Justice  of the  U.S. Supreme  Court, and  John

 
Marshall, a  later Chief Justice.  John Adams, James Wilson, John
 
Blaire, and  Oliver Ellsworth  were among the many fine attorneys
 
who assisted  in approving  the language used in the Constitution
 
for   the   United   States   of   America   (hereinafter   "U.S.
 
Constitution").   Are we  to believe  that the word "COUNSEL" was
 
selected by  these "attorneys"  with no thought whatsoever to its
 
Common Law meaning at that time?
 
     In discussing  a  litigant's  Right  to  Counsel,  the  U.S.
 
Supreme Court has held:
 
     ... [H]is  right to  be heard  through his  own  counsel  is
     UNQUALIFIED.
 
                 [Chandler v. Fretag, 348 U.S. 3, emphasis added]
 
     In consulting  Noah  Webster's  1828  dictionary,  the  word
 
"unqualified" is defined as:
 
     Not  modified,  limited,  or  restricted  by  conditions  or
     exceptions;   ....  (Noah  Webster's  First  Edition  of  an
     American  Dictionary   of  the   English   Language,   1828,
     republished in  facsimile edition by Foundation for American
     Christian  Education,   San  Francisco,  California,  second
     edition, 1980)
 
     It is undeniable that the explicit use of the word "Counsel"
 
in the Sixth Amendment was intended to mean someone other than an
 
attorney, as  well as an attorney.  This view is upheld by a U.S.
 
District Court  when it  recognized an accountant as Counsel, and
 
reprimanded an IRS employee:
 
     Yet while  he was informing the prospective defendant of his
     Right to  Counsel, he was simultaneously requesting that the
     Defendant's Counsel leave the interrogation.  In effect, the
     investigator informed  Tarlowski  that  he  might  have  his
     attorney present, but not his accountant.
 
Ruling in  favor of  Tarlowski's motion  to suppress,  the  Court
 
said:
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 2 of 32

 
     For a government official to mouth in a ritualistic way part
     of the  warning about  the right to counsel, while excluding
     the person  relied upon as counsel is, in effect, to reverse
     the meaning of the words used.
 
                      [U.S. v. Tarlowski, 305 F.Supp. 112 (1969)]
 
     Plaintiff also asks the Court to take Judicial Notice of the
 
use of the word "Counsel" in the 17th century:
 
     ... and  in all courts persons of all persuaisions [sic] may
     freely appear  in their  own way, and according to their own
     manner and  there plead  their own  causes themselves, or if
     unable, by their friends ....
 
                               [Fundamental Constitution for the]
                                 [Province of East Jersey (1683)]
                                                 [emphasis added]
 
To have a "friend" act as Counsel was a Common Law Right, and was
 
recognized as  such in the Bill of Rights when the term "Counsel"
 
was used instead of the term "attorney."
 
     The language  of  the  Constitution  cannot  be  interpreted
     safely, except  by reference  to common  law and  to British
     institutions as they were when the instrument was framed and
     adopted.   The statesmen  and lawyers  of the convention who
     submitted it  to the  ratification  of  conventions  of  the
     thirteen states,  were born and brought up in the atmosphere
     of the  common law  and thought  and spoke in its vocabulary
     ... when they came to put their conclusions into the form of
     fundamental law  in a  compact, they expressed them in terms
     of common  law, confident  that they  could by  shortly  and
     easily understood.
 
                     [Ex parte Grossman, 267 U.S. 87, 108 (1925)]
                                                 [emphasis added]
 
     No limit  or qualification  was ever intended to be put upon
 
the Right  to "assistance of Counsel" in the Sixth Amendment, and
 
Plaintiff submits  the word  "Counsel" was used in recognition of
 
the Common  Law  Right  to  have  one's  "friends"  speak  for  a
 
Plaintiff, if  he so  chose.   Reference to  the  Common  Law  is
 
mandatory in proper interpretations of the U.S. Constitution, but
 
most  particularly   in  the   Bill  of   Rights.    There  is  a
 
preponderance of  U.S.  Supreme  Court  cases  which  uphold  the
 
position of Plaintiff on interpretation of the U.S. Constitution.
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 3 of 32

 
     ...  as   men  whose   intentions  require  no  concealment,
     generally employ  the words  which most  directly and  aptly
     express the  ideas they  intend to  convey: the  enlightened
     patriots who  framed our  constitution and  the  people  who
     adopted it  must be understood to have employed the words in
     their natural  sense, and  to have  intended what  they have
     said.
                             [Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. 1 (1824)]
 
And,
 
     ... In the construction of the constitution, we must look to
     the history  of the  times, and  examine the state of things
     existing when  it was  framed and  adopted. 12 Wheat 354;  6
     Wheat 416;   4  Peters 431-2;  to ascertain the old law, the
     mischief and the remedy.
                                       [State of Rhode Island v.]
                                    [The State of Massachusetts,]
                                             [37 U.S. 657 (1938)]
 
And also,  in speaking  further of  Constitutional provisions, we
 
find:
 
     We agree,  it is  not  to  be  frittered  away  by  doubtful
     construction, but like every clause in every constitution it
     must have  reasonable interpretation, and be held to express
     the intention of the framers.
 
                    [Woodson v. Murdock, 89 U.S. 351, 369 (1874)]
 
And further,
 
     The necessities  which gave  birth to  the Constitution, the
     controversies which  precede its formation and the conflicts
     of opinion  which were settled by its adoption, may properly
     be taken  into view  for the  purposes  of  tracing  to  its
     source, any  particular provision  of the  Constitution,  in
     order thereby,  to be  enabled to  correctly  interpret  its
     meaning.
                           [Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.]
                                              [157 U.S. 429, 558]
 
     History shows conclusively that it was a Common Law Right to
 
be represented in court by a "friend" rather than an attorney, if
 
one chose.   Plaintiff  claims that Right herein, which the Sixth
 
Amendment did  indeed secure, and is not subject to "revision" by
 
the American Bar Association or any state bar association.
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 4 of 32

 
     Undoubtedly  what   went  before   the   adoption   of   the
     Constitution may  be resorted to for the purpose of throwing
     light on its provisions.
 
                   [Marshall v. Gordon, 243 U.S. 521, 533 (1971)]
 
     Each word  has a  particular meaning  and  was  deliberately
 
chosen.   The word  "Counsel" was not idly set down as the law of
 
this land,  but, on  the contrary,  was selected with great skill
 
and meaning.
 
     To disregard  such a  deliberate choice  of words  and their
     natural  meaning,  would  be  a  departure  from  the  first
     principle of  Constitutional interpretation.  "In expounding
     the Constitution  of the  United States," said Chief Justice
     Taney in  Holmes v.  Jennison, 14 540, 570, 571, "every word
     must have  its due force and appropriate meaning;  for it is
     evident  from  the  whole  instrument,  that,  no  word  was
     unnecessarily  used,   or  needlessly   added."    The  many
     discussions which  have taken place upon the construction of
     the  Constitution,  have  proved  the  correctness  of  this
     proposition;  and shown the high talent, the caution and the
     foresight of  the illustrious men who framed it.  Every word
     appears to  have been  weighed with  the utmost deliberation
     and its force and effect to have been fully understood.
 
                            [Wright v. U.S., 302 U.S. 583 (1938)]
                                                 [emphasis added]
 
     Little did  the Framers,  who labored  so long  and hard  to
 
fashion Our Constitution, realize that the day would come when it
 
would be ridiculed by law professors, snickered at by law clerks,
 
and consigned  to the  wastebasket by attorneys, the bar, and the
 
Judiciary.
 
     To interpret  the  word  "Counsel"  narrowly  to  mean  only
 
"licensed attorneys"  is an  infringement  of  Plaintiff's  Sixth
 
Amendment Right to Counsel, which even the U.S. Supreme Court has
 
held is "unqualified."  See Chandler supra.
 
     The words  of the  Amendment  are  simple,  clear,  and  not
 
ambiguous, and  were obviously  written by  Our Forefathers to be
 
understood by  The People,  as the  following citation undeniably
 
indicates:
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 5 of 32

 
     The Constitution was written to be understood by the voters;
     its  words  and  phrases  were  used  in  their  normal  and
     ordinary, as  distinguished from  technical meaning;   where
     the intention  is clear,  there is no room for construction,
     and no  excuse for  interpolation or  addition.   Martin  v.
     Hunter's Lessee,  1 Wheat 304;  Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat 1;
     Brown v.  Maryland, 12 Wheat 419;  Craig v. Missouri, 4 Pet.
     10;   Tennessee v.  Whitworth, 117 U.S. 139;  Lake County v.
     Rollins, 130 U.S. 662;  Hodges v. United States, 203 U.S. 1;
     Edwards v. Cuba R. Co., 268 U.S. 628;  The Pocket Veto Case,
     279 U.S.  655 (justice)  Story on the Constitution, 5th ed.,
     sec. 451;   Cooley's Constitutional Limitations, 2nd ed., P.
     61, 70.
 
And further,
 
     It cannot be presumed that any clause in the Constitution is
     intended to be without effect ....
 
                     [Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, 174 (1803)]
 
     In passing,  it might  be  noted  that  Chief  Justice  John
 
Marshall, who  was principally responsible for the holding in the
 
above cited Marbury case, and who seems to be looked upon by most
 
attorneys and  judges  as  the  greatest  of  Our  Supreme  Court
 
justices,  is   reported  to   have  had  two  weeks  law  school
 
preparation, at which time half his study was philosophy.  Also:
 
     The Constitution  is a  written instrument.   As  such,  its
     meaning does  not alter.   That  which it  meant when it was
     adopted, it means now.
                                [South Carolina v. United States]
                                       [199 U.S. 437, 448 (1905)]
 
     Plaintiff  is   deeply  perturbed  at  the  erosion  of  his
 
fundamental Right to Counsel by the very legal profession itself.
 
The restriction  of the Courts to professional attorneys only, is
 
the result  of attorneys  who sat  in Our  legislatures and voted
 
upon laws  which involved,  for them,  a conflict of interest and
 
which were,  and are,  upheld by their brother attorneys, who sit
 
on the  benches  of  Our  Courts,  ruling  in  violation  of  the
 
Sovereign will  of The  People, which  it is  their sworn duty to
 
obey.
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 6 of 32

 
     Any State law which prohibits laymen from speaking on behalf
 
of another, when they are sought for that purpose, is a violation
 
of the  Sixth Amendment.   Any  implementation of such State laws
 
also violates Plaintiff's Rights to freedom of speech, wherein he
 
may speak  through whom  he chooses;   to freedom of association,
 
wherein he may associate with whom he pleases;  to due process of
 
law, wherein  he is denied Counsel of his choice and therefore as
 
a consequence,  he is  denied a fair trial, and he is also denied
 
an impartial  jury by  being unable  to speak  to the jury, as he
 
knows he should, through Counsel of trust.
 
     To be  denied a layman to assist him with advice, and to act
 
as a spokesman at Plaintiff's request, is to subject Plaintiff to
 
unequal treatment  under the  law.   As a  Citizen  of  Minnesota
 
state, Plaintiff has less Rights and worse treatment than inmates
 
in state  and federal  prisons,  who  are  permitted  "jailhouse"
 
lawyers --  laymen who  practice law  on behalf  of their  fellow
 
prisoners with the approval of many Courts.
 
     As a  Citizen of  Minnesota state,  Plaintiff is  denied the
 
right to contract, when he is forbidden to have the assistance of
 
one who is willing to speak for him, at his  request.  The denial
 
of Plaintiff's  right to  contract, it is respectfully submitted,
 
occurs because  attorneys, who  are, in  this State, members of a
 
bar association  (a monopoly  they have  promoted  through  their
 
controlled legislature)  have purported  to make  a "law" for the
 
protection  of   the  "public";    whereas,  they  have  actually
 
instigated a self-serving franchise, in great part at the expense
 
of the  public and,  in Plaintiff's  view, to  the  detriment  of
 
Constitutional government.
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 7 of 32

 
     Again, Plaintiff  is denied  a "fair trial" and an impartial
 
jury when  a so-called  "law" prohibits him from contracting with
 
someone of  his choosing  for Plaintiff's legal defense against a
 
hostile government,  bent on punishing Plaintiff for the exercise
 
of the  very fundamental  Rights which  the government  should be
 
upholding, rather than attacking.
 
     The  aforementioned  rights  are  infringed,  abridged,  and
 
denied  when  the  word  "Counsel"  is  qualified  to  mean  only
 
attorneys may  speak for the defense in a Court of Law.  This was
 
not the  case in  Tarlowski, where the "Counsel" discussed by the
 
court was an accountant.
 
     It appears  to Plaintiff that a careful consideration of the
 
words of  the Sixth  Amendment, securing his fundamental Right to
 
Counsel of  CHOICE must  be undertaken here.  Since no words were
 
idly selected by the Forefathers, let us emphasize them, here and
 
now, so  that there  can  be  no  misunderstanding  as  to  their
 
meaning, for  Plaintiff believes  his stand  in  this  matter  is
 
constitutionally correct.  The vital words here are:
 
     In ALL  criminal prosecutions,  the accused  SHALL ENJOY the
     RIGHT ... to have the ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL for his defence.
 
     Plaintiff requests the Court's indulgence and patience for a
 
brief analysis  of the words capitalized above because, where his
 
Life, Liberty, or Property are involved, it is not a matter which
 
he takes lightly.
 
     For the  source of the common meaning of common words in use
 
when  the  U.S.  Constitution  was  written,  we  refer  to  Noah
 
Webster's First  Edition of an American Dictionary of the English
 
Language, 1828,  re-published  in  a  facsimile  edition  by  the
 
Foundation  for  American  Christian  Education,  San  Francisco,
 
California, Second Edition, 1980.
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 8 of 32

 
     ALL:  a. Every one ... the whole quantity, extent, duration,
     amount, quality,  or degree;   ...   This word signifies the
     whole or entire thing ....
 
     It is  obvious on its face that the word "all" allows for no
 
exceptions and  is all-inclusive, and it is also obvious that the
 
Sixth Amendment, therefore, allows for no criminal trial where it
 
does not apply.
 
     SHALL:   v.i. In  the present  tense, shall  ...  forms  the
     future tense;   ...  informs another  that a fact is to take
     place ....  In the second and third persons, shall implies a
     promise, command or determination.  "You shall receive ...."
 
The word  "shall," in legal contemplation, is mandatory;  it is a
 
word "of  command ... must be given a compulsory meaning."  It is
 
clearly so  stated on page 1,233 of Black's Law Dictionary, Fifth
 
Edition, 1979.
 
     ENJOY:   v.t ... To feel or perceive with pleasure;  to take
     pleasure or  satisfaction in the possession or experience of
     ....     We  enjoy   a  free  constitution  and  inestimable
     privileges.
 
     Plaintiff  has   informed  the  Court  that  he  has  little
 
confidence  in  the  legal  profession  of  Haldeman,  Erlichman,
 
Mitchell, Dean, Nixon, and Agnew, and not to mention many others.
 
He is  defending himself  out of  necessity, not  out of  desire.
 
Plaintiff is  aware of  a few attorneys whom he trusts, but their
 
multi-thousand dollar  fees are  out of  the  question  for  this
 
Plaintiff.  He does not trust just any attorney out of a grab-bag
 
the government is willing to furnish;  neither would Plaintiff be
 
satisfied  with   such  an   "attorney's"  concept  of  the  U.S.
 
Constitution. Average attorneys, full of law school brainwashing,
 
think that  the U.S.  Constitution is  what the judges say it is,
 
rather than what the Constitution itself says it is.
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 9 of 32

 
     If Plaintiff cannot "enjoy" the "assistance of Counsel" from
 
the  Bar   (i.e.  the  legal  establishment),  then  he  has  the
 
undeniable Right  of Counsel  which he  can enjoy.   To deny this
 
Right is to deny his Rights under the Sixth Amendment to Counsel.
 
It is  the use  of the  word "ENJOY," as well as "COUNSEL," which
 
gives a  Plaintiff the  Right  to  the  Counsel  of  his  choice,
 
licensed or  unlicensed, as was provided by the Founding Fathers,
 
and of  which the Ninth Amendment clearly prohibits any denial or
 
disparagement:
 
     The enumeration  in the  Constitution,  of  certain  rights,
     shall not  be construed to deny or disparage others retained
     by the people.
 
     What honest  attorney or  judge can  fail to  see  that,  in
 
denying Counsel  of choice to litigants in court, he is "denying"
 
or "disparaging" both enumerated and non-enumerated rights?
 
     And what  honest attorney  or judge can fail to see that, in
 
enforcing a so-called statute denying to a layman the opportunity
 
to speak  in defense  of a  friend at  the friend's request, said
 
lawyer or  judge is rendering infidelity to his Oath of Office --
 
to support the Constitution -- which states at Art. VI, Clause 2:
 
     This Constitution,  and the  Laws of the United States which
     shall be  made in Pursuance thereof ... shall be the supreme
     Law of  the Land;   and  the Judges  in every State shall be
     bound thereby,  any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any
     State to the Contrary notwithstanding.
                                                 [emphasis added]
 
Attorneys are  called "officers  of  the  court,"  and  they  are
 
required to  take oaths  to support  the U.S. Constitution.  When
 
attorneys attempt  to prevent  the  exercise  of  the  Rights  of
 
litigants in  court to  speak through  lay friends of confidence,
 
the attorneys  are involved  in denying  that which they swear to
 
uphold -- to their eternal discredit and dishonor.
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 10 of 32

 
     The fact  that the attorneys have been successful for a long
 
time, and  that colleagues  in judicial  robes have  upheld them,
 
does not make it right;  it does not make it constitutional;  and
 
it certainly  does not  enhance the  Rights  of  the  grass-roots
 
American  People   who  are  tired  of  being  subjected  to  the
 
exorbitant legal  fees of a closed-shop union which says, "If you
 
exercise your  fundamental Rights,  we will see to it that you go
 
to jail,"  and now, "You have to go our route because the loss of
 
your fundamental Rights is a settled matter."
 
     How could  any decent  person uphold such a system?  How can
 
the legal  and the judicial profession escape tarnished "images?"
 
Is the denial of fundamental Rights to the Plaintiff "frivolous?"
 
Is it  not better  to restore  fundamental Rights  than to have a
 
restless People  rise up?  Must we have government "of attorneys,
 
by attorneys,  and for  attorneys?"  Especially, after Watergate,
 
the People are not going to stand for it.
 
     It is  important to  note  that  the  Sixth  Amendment  word
 
"enjoy" follows  the word  "shall", and  it would  therefore be a
 
command of  the sovereign  power that  the ability  to enjoy  the
 
right to  Counsel is mandatory.  The words "shall ... enjoy" make
 
this very clear.
 
     The judgment as to what Counsel the Plaintiff can "enjoy" is
 
left entirely in his hands, and nowhere in the Sixth Amendment is
 
this prerogative given to the Courts;  it remains the fundamental
 
"Right" of the Plaintiff:
 
     RIGHT:  n. Conformity to the will of God, or to His law, the
     perfect standard  of  truth  and  justice  ...  Just  claim;
     immunity;   privilege.  All men have the right to the secure
     enjoyment of  life, personal  safety, liberty, and property.
     We deem  the right of trial by jury invaluable, particularly
     in the case of crimes.
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 11 of 32

 
     The "right"  to "enjoy"  Counsel is  claimed by Plaintiff by
 
law,  nature,   and  tradition,  and  may  not  be  infringed  or
 
disparaged by  any private association, by any of its members, or
 
by its  sympathizers employed in government.  It is a right which
 
the People  retained for themselves, and it is to be protected by
 
their Judiciary.   It is not a function of the People's Courts to
 
protect the  vested interests  of any private monopoly as against
 
the rights  of The  Sovereign People.  Non-attorneys have as much
 
right to  speak for  a Plaintiff  in Our  Courts as do attorneys.
 
Otherwise, the  Courts are  run only  for "special interests" and
 
are, in  fact, protecting a monopoly, in violation of the Sherman
 
Anti-Trust Act.   Such  a monopoly  acts to  restrain  interstate
 
commerce and  to restrain  competition and  trade;  without  such
 
monopoly practices,  the cost  of justice  to The People would be
 
substantially lower.   Attorneys could still ply their trade, but
 
they would  have to  be competent  and  deserve  more  fully  the
 
business which  they would  acquire from  those  who  voluntarily
 
trusted them.
 
     ASSISTANCE:   n.   Help;   aid;   furtherance;   succor;   a
     contribution of support in bodily strength or other means.
 
     The common understanding of the word "assistance" is that it
 
comes from  one who  acts in  a secondary capacity.  For example,
 
assistance is  given to  a President  by  a  Vice  President  who
 
"assists" him.  We find a definition of "assistant" which follows
 
the word "assistance."  The above mentioned dictionary defines an
 
"assistant" as  one who  serves in  a subordinate  position, as a
 
helper.   The common  practice today -- of defendants "assisting"
 
defense attorneys  --  is  one  to  which  Plaintiff  strenuously
 
objects.   It is  an erosion  of the  original Right  which  this
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 12 of 32

 
motion is  aimed at  re-establishing.  Plaintiff may also promote
 
assistant Counsel  to  co-Counsel,  whereby  they  share  in  the
 
defense and  maintain that  such a  decision is  theirs, not  the
 
Court's.   It is  theirs by  Common Law  and may not be denied or
 
infringed by  either the  Courts or  the Bar  Association.  It is
 
also their fundamental Right.
 
     COUNSEL:   n. Advice;  opinion or instruction ...  Those who
     give counsel  in law;   any  counselor or  advocate, or  any
     number of  counselors, barristers,  or sergeants;    as  the
     plaintiff's counsel, or the defendant's counsel.
 
     COUNSELOR: Gan.   Any person who gives advice; ....  One who
     is consulted  by a  client in  a law  case;   one who  gives
     advice in  relation  to  a  question  of  law;    one  whose
     profession is  to give  advice in  law and manage causes for
     clients.
 
     If the  men who framed the Bill of Rights meant by "COUNSEL"
 
a licensed  attorney, they  would have  said "licensed attorney".
 
Surely, the  Court cannot  refuse to  recognize  this.    In  the
 
interest of fairness, let the Court grant the Plaintiff's relief.
 
     Neither  the   President  of  the  United  States,  nor  the
 
Governors who  head the  executive branches  of  government,  are
 
required to  be attorneys  in order to administer and enforce the
 
laws.   Federal judges are not required by the U.S. Constitution,
 
nor by  valid statute,  to be  attorneys.  Congressmen, Senators,
 
and other  Legislators who pass legislation, statutes, and "laws"
 
do not  have to  be "attorneys."   Magistrates  do not have to be
 
"attorneys."   Does it  not seem  strange that  a litigant cannot
 
represent himself  in Court  without being an "attorney?"  Are we
 
playing games with the meaning of "represent"?
 
     Why  then,   the  Plaintiff   asks,  must   the  Plaintiff's
 
representative in  Court be  a licensed  attorney?   Why must the
 
Plaintiff's representative  have a title which the law maker, the
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 13 of 32

 
law enforcer,  the law  adjudicator, and the Plaintiff himself do
 
not need?   Speak,  Oh Learned  Ones!   And, please speak without
 
attempting to turn white into "black," and black into "white," as
 
the graduates  of law  schools seem  so gifted  at doing.    And,
 
please speak  without being  in contempt  of the Constitution for
 
the United States of America, as lawfully amended.
 
 
                                I
 
                 THE WILL OF THE SOVEREIGN POWER
 
     The U.S.  Constitution is  the will of The People and it was
 
clearly set down for their agents, both elected and appointed, to
 
follow.   No law  supersedes the U.S. Constitution and only those
 
in "pursuance"  of it  may stand.  Even treaties must be made "in
 
Pursuance" of the U.S. Constitution.
 
     We the  People ... do ordain and establish this Constitution
     for the  United States  of America.   Preamble  to the  U.S.
     Constitution (1789).  [emphasis added]
 
In establishing this government, the People said that:
 
     This Constitution,  and  the  Laws  ...  made  in  Pursuance
     thereof ...  shall be  the supreme  Law  of  the  Land  ....
     Article VI, Cl. 2, U.S. Constitution.
 
And they also commanded that:
 
     ... [A]ll  ... judicial  Officers, both of the United States
     and of  the several  States,  shall  be  bound  by  Oath  or
     Affirmation, to support this Constitution; ....  Article VI,
     Clause 3, U.S. Constitution.
 
     It is  clearly the  will of the bar associations, not of the
 
People, to  close the  Courts to all but licensed attorneys.  Use
 
of the  word "Counsel", rather than "attorneys", denotes the will
 
of the Sovereign Power, which cannot be lawfully overridden.
 
     In the United States, Sovereignty resides in the people, who
     act through  the organs  established  by  the  Constitution.
     Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 Dall. 419, 471;  Penhallow v. Doane's
     Administrators, 3  Dall. 54,  93;   McCullock v. Maryland, 4
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 14 of 32

 
     Wheat 316, 404, 405;  Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370;
     ... Congress cannot invoke the sovereign power of the people
     to override their will as thus declared.
 
               [Perry v. United States, 294 U.S. 330, 353 (1935)]
 
     In the Sixth Amendment, the People declared their will as to
 
 the rights of the Accused in all criminal prosecutions;  and the
 
 Right of  the Plaintiff  to "enjoy"  the "assistance of Counsel"
 
 was purposely  couched in the Common Law term -- "Counsel" -- so
 
 as to  include those  friends upon whom litigants may depend for
 
 advice and protection.
 
     In a  speech by Judge Learned Hand at the Mayflower Hotel in
 
 Washington, D.C.,  on May 11, 1929, entitled, "Is There a Common
 
 Will?", in speaking of judges he said:
 
     He is  not to  substitute even  his juster  will for theirs;
     otherwise it  would not be the "common will" which prevails,
     and to that extent, the people would not govern.
 
Plaintiff has  the right  to be  foolish as well as wise, and his
 
liberty is  his to  do with,  as he  pleases.   To deny  him  his
 
freedom of  choice  in  this  matter  of  Counsel  is  unduly  to
 
interfere with  the defense, and constitutes a denial of the will
 
of The People, from whom the Courts' authority is derived;  and a
 
substitution in  lieu thereof  is being used -- that of the "will
 
of attorneys."
 
     Bills of rights are, in their origin, reservations of rights
     not surrendered to the prince.  Hamilton, Federalist Papers,
     No. 84.
 
The right  to have  a "friend" plead one's case, or to assist one
 
in Court, is a Common Law Right secured by the Sixth Amendment.
 
     History is  clear that  the  first  ten  amendments  to  the
     Constitution were  adopted  to  secure  certain  common  law
     rights  of  the  people  against  invasion  by  the  Federal
     Government.   Bell v.  Hood, 71  F.Supp.,  813,  816  (1947)
     U.S.D.C., So. Dist. Calif.
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 15 of 32

 
Our Founding  Fathers spoke  and wrote  in the  vernacular of the
 
Common Law, and "Counsel" was the word they chose.  The facts are
 
conclusive  on   this  point,   and  the   record  supports  this
 
contention.    Interpretation  of  the  word  "Counsel"  to  mean
 
"attorney only" is a departure from the safeguards of the Bill of
 
Rights:
 
     The Bill of Rights was provided as a barrier, to protect the
     individual against  arbitrary exactions of ... legislatures,
     (and) courts  ... it  is  the  primary  distinction  between
     democratic and totalitarian way.
 
                   [Re Stoller, 36 So.2d 443, 445 en banc (1948)]
 
A more  recent confirmation  of fundamental Rights of the Accused
 
says:
 
     Where rights secured by the Constitution are involved, there
     can be  no rule-making  or legislation  which would abrogate
     them.
                   [Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 491 (1968)]
 
     Even though  the Miranda  decision  referred  to  the  Fifth
 
Amendment right  in toto,  the above stated principle has general
 
application, wherein the word "rights" is not qualified.
 
 
                               II
 
                        PLAINTIFF'S RIGHT
                    TO FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION
 
     In Tarlowski  supra, the Court said, in suppressing evidence
 
at the request of Tarlowski's motion:
 
     When a  federal official's  interference with  the right  of
     free association takes the form of limiting the ability of a
     criminal suspect  to consult  with and  be accompanied  by a
     person upon  whom he  relies for  advice and  protection, he
     gravely transgresses.   For  these reasons,  the  Motion  to
     suppress must be granted.
 
 
It was  in this  case that Tarlowski was denied the Counsel of an
 
accountant, not of a lawyer.
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 16 of 32

 
     Plaintiff has  a Right, under the First Amendment, freely to
 
associate with  whom  he  pleases  in  his  defense  and  in  its
 
preparation and presentation, so long as such is respectful, with
 
decorum, and  without contempt  for orderly  rules  of  procedure
 
which do  not deprive  one  of  Rights  guaranteed  by  the  U.S.
 
Constitution.   To deny  this Right  is also  to deny  his  Fifth
 
Amendment Right  to Due  Process of  Law,  which  is  actually  a
 
guarantee of fundamental fairness.
 
 
                               III
 
                  PLAINTIFF'S RIGHT TO PETITION
                    FOR REDRESS OF GRIEVANCES
 
 
     The First Amendment states, in pertinent part:
 
     Congress shall  make no  law ...  abridging ... the right of
     the people  ... to  petition the Government for a redress of
     grievances.
 
 
Plaintiff asks,  "How can I maintain my maximum Right to petition
 
for redress  of grievances, if that person whom I choose to speak
 
for me is not permitted to do so?"
 
     If Congress  passes a  statute requiring  a federal court to
 
abide by  a statute  of the  State in  which it  sits,  and  said
 
statute of  a state purports to make it a crime for a litigant to
 
be represented  by a  non-attorney, then Congress has effectively
 
done not only what the U.S. Constitution does not authorize it to
 
do, but it has done what is also expressly forbidden.
 
     If such  is the  case, then  Congress has made a "law" which
 
frustrates the  Right of  The  People,  and  the  Plaintiff,  "to
 
petition the Government for a redress of grievances."
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 17 of 32

 
     Of what  use  is  the  Right  to  Petition  for  Redress  of
 
Grievances,  if   the  Plaintiff  is  personally  handicapped  by
 
government?   This handicap  arises because  the Plaintiff  needs
 
assistance in  his petitioning,  and yet  he is  limited by a bar
 
association, or  a state,  or a court which says that a competent
 
"friend" cannot  be permitted  to speak for the Plaintiff because
 
said "friend"  has not been brainwashed in certain "approved" law
 
schools.   It is  in such  law schools  that the  deprivation  of
 
fundamental Rights,  although set  forth in plain and unambiguous
 
language  in  the  U.S.  Constitution  itself,  is  not  "settled
 
doctrine," despite the criminal prohibition at 18 U.S.C. 242.
 
     The "licensed attorneys" and "attorney-judges" say that "The
 
Constitution is  what the Supreme Court says it is."  What if the
 
Congress passes  a law  saying that  any bureaucrat  can rape any
 
layman's wife,  and what  if the Supreme Court says, "Yes, that's
 
perfectly in harmony with the Constitution?"
 
     Then, are We The People to stand for it?  Who gave them said
 
authority?   Now, what  should The  People do  who  have  such  a
 
Congress and  such a  Supreme Court?   Are the lower court judges
 
brave enough  to challenge  it, or are they "bound" to follow the
 
higher Court judges?
 
     And where  is the  member of the bar, the licensed attorney,
 
who now  steps forward  and announces  that the  Supreme Court is
 
mistaken?   Where does  his license  go to?  Now, who is going to
 
permit him to appear in court, if he doesn't buckle down and stop
 
rocking the establishment?
 
     Obviously, an  extreme example  has been  used;   but it  is
 
significant.   Laymen would  not have to stand for such nonsense.
 
Licensed attorneys ... who knows?
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 18 of 32

 
     That  laymen   should  be  subjected  to  a  "drifting"  and
 
"unstable" Constitution -- which happens to be what some justices
 
"think it  is" at the moment -- can be very frustrating, and that
 
a jury  cannot hear  a "Counsel"  who is  not beholden  to such a
 
damnable floating  doctrine, are indeed a denial of "the Right to
 
Petition (effectively)  for Redress  of Grievances."  To preserve
 
justice, to  preserve the  semblance  of  a  fair  trial  and  an
 
impartial  jury,  let  the  Plaintiff  petition  for  Redress  of
 
Grievances to  the jury  through "Counsel  of his choice," who is
 
not beholden  to  a  corrupt  and  degenerate  system  which  has
 
perverted the very Law by which it pretends to rule, and which it
 
pretends to protect and uphold.
 
     Plaintiff believes  that true religion guarantees freedom of
 
choice;   or freedom  to choose,  to elect, and to select, taking
 
responsibility for the consequences of said choices.
 
     Plaintiff further  believes that  he has  the right  to help
 
others and, in turn, to be helped by those willing voluntarily to
 
answer his  call for  assistance.   In this case, he particularly
 
means in  the Courtroom,  where a hostile government is violating
 
its own  laws and  trampling upon  the Rights  of  the  Sovereign
 
People, which its officers are sworn to protect.
 
     When all  the mighty  force of an all powerful government is
 
arrayed against  a lone  individual who  has the courage to point
 
out  the  government's  inequities,  said  individual  should  be
 
entitled, most  of  all,  to  the  protection  of  his  religious
 
convictions and rights.
 
     Under the  First Amendment,  the right of conscience and the
 
right to  believe, as  long as the same does not trample upon the
 
rights  of   others,  is   the  number  one  right  protected  by
 
government.  In pertinent part, the First Amendment states:
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 19 of 32

 
     Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of
     religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; ....
 
 
Plaintiff's religious  conviction, again,  calls for freedom from
 
oppression,  and   freedom  from  soul-stifling  special-interest
 
legislation slapped  on a freedom-loving individual, on behalf of
 
self-serving perpetrators  of special  advantages  to  the  legal
 
profession, at  the expense  of the long-suffering victims of the
 
same.  Let the legal profession compete like men with any Counsel
 
whom Plaintiff chooses for assistant, and for the proper exercise
 
of his  religious Rights, chief among which is the freedom of any
 
choice which does not trample upon the Rights of others.
 
 
                               IV
 
              PLAINTIFF'S RIGHT TO EQUAL PROTECTION
 
 
     Plaintiff's  right  to  equal  protection  of  the  laws  is
 
guaranteed through the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment:
 
     The due  process clause of the Fifth Amendment guarantees to
     each citizen  the equal protection of the laws and prohibits
     a denial thereof by any Federal official.
 
                                [Bolling v. Sharpe, 327 U.S. 497]
 
 
Plaintiff asks  the Court  to take  Judicial Notice of an article
 
from Newsweek, September 2, 1974, which tells how a layman, James
 
Yager, handled the legal problems of 3,500 clients (see paragraph
 
1).   The same  paragraph also  speaks of  "His most recent court
 
appearance," which  took place  in Atlanta.    It  describes  how
 
"Yager paced the courtroom floor," as he addressed the jury.  Mr.
 
Yager is engaging in the practice of law, which is his Right as a
 
Layman, or  laymen, to  assist him  in his  defense, if  they  so
 
desire.   To deny  this motion  is to  give prisoners more Rights
 
than to  a Free and Natural Person.  Such inequity before the law
 
is intolerable.  It encourages tyranny.
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 20 of 32

 
     Said article mentions various others who have adopted law as
 
an avocation,  and goes on to mention a Mr. Green, another former
 
inmate now  on parole,  and says that:  "Green is a familiar face
 
in the Boston courtrooms, where he maintains his legal activities
 
by submitting  amicus briefs  for other  felons."   It  would  be
 
interesting to  know if  Mr. Green and Yeager, like Mr. Jefferson
 
and James  X, are  also black  men, and if therefore, fundamental
 
Rights are only available to black men.
 
 
     In both United Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Association, 389
 
U.S. 217,  and NAACP  v.  Button,  371  U.S.  415,  and  also  in
 
Brotherhood of  Railhood Trainmen v. Virginia State Bar, 377 U.S.
 
1 (1964),  it was  held  that  a  State  may  not  pass  statutes
 
prohibiting the unauthorized practice of law or to interfere with
 
the Right to freedom of speech, secured by the First Amendment.
 
 
     Plaintiff is  entitled to  equal protection  of the laws and
 
that includes his right to speak through whom he pleases, when he
 
pleases.   The only  reasonable condition  is that the decorum of
 
the Court and the rules not in conflict with individual Rights be
 
maintained;   otherwise there  can be  no valid  denial  of  this
 
inalienable and legal Right.  Plaintiff is agreeable to this, and
 
has every  intention of  obeying the proper rules and maintaining
 
the decorum of the Court.  To do otherwise is unthinkable.
 
 
     Plaintiff herein  also believes  that it  is  vital  to  his
 
defense to seek whatever assistance he can trust, and that, if he
 
decides to  be assisted by either licensed or unlicensed Counsel,
 
he has  every Right  to do  so.  If the Plaintiff believes that a
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 21 of 32

 
combination of  both may  be to  his advantage,  to deny him this
 
Right would constitute an unreasonable and arbitrary interference
 
with his defense, by denying him his fundamental Rights freely to
 
associate with  whom he  chooses;   to freedom  of  speech;    to
 
freedom to Petition for Redress of Grievances;  and his religious
 
Right of conscience and freedom of choice, without which religion
 
is worth but little.
 
 
     Plaintiff also  asks the  Court to take Judicial Notice that
 
other litigants  are allowed  to plan  their cases  without court
 
interference, and Plaintiff herein claims that same Right.
 
 
     Surely, we  cannot  have  special  laws  for  attorneys  and
 
special grants  of privilege  to them  as a class when these very
 
same  privileges   are  denied   to  all  other  Citizens.    The
 
Constitutional prohibitions against Titles of Nobility in Article
 
I, Section 9, clause 7, and in the original Thirteenth Amendment,
 
are  violated   when  "attorney"   becomes  a  Title  of  special
 
privileges, i.e.  "Nobility."   We must  all have equal access to
 
the Courts.   Presently,  only those attorneys have access to the
 
Courts whom  the Courts  approve and, as a result, all "approved"
 
attorneys are considered Officers of the Court.
 
 
     Where does  a defendant  go when  he does  not  wish  to  be
 
defended by  an Officer  of the  Court?   To use the power of the
 
Court to  force the  defense to retain an Officer of the Court at
 
the defense  table offends  the sensibilities of Plaintiff to the
 
very core.   Plaintiff may wish voluntarily to select an attorney
 
among his  Counsels, but  Plaintiff also  believes that he should
 
not be  forced to  do so.  Plaintiff is simply seeking freedom of
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 22 of 32

 
choice in  the matter of whether he has no Counsel and represents
 
himself, or uses licensed legal Counsel (attorney), mixed Counsel
 
(attorneys and laymen), or lay Counsel only.
 
 
     The "stealthy  encroachment" upon  Plaintiff's  Right  to  a
 
Counsel who  is not  licensed by  the Bar  is  the  result  of  a
 
monopoly  of   the  legal  establishment,  both  in  and  out  of
 
government, State and Federal, to "protect" their "price fixing";
 
to maintain  artificially high legal fees;  to educate the chosen
 
few in  law schools  maintained largely  at public  expense;   to
 
protect attorneys  from competition  from  those  who  know  that
 
attorneys have  obstructed the  U.S. Constitution  and  left  the
 
People at the mercy of a swarm of bureaucrats.  These bureaucrats
 
use endless  attorney-promoted regulations  and laws  which  make
 
"crimes" out  of the  exercise of  natural  and  constitutionally
 
protected Rights,  whereby the attorney-controlled government can
 
prosecute the  Sovereign Citizen, and force him into the waiting,
 
outstretched arms of an attorney "brotherhood," who will "advise"
 
and "defend" him for a considerable fee.
 
 
     Little wonder  that People  are fed  up with  the profession
 
when it  is full  of licensed  "Haldemans, Erlichmans, Mitchells,
 
and  Deans."    Little  wonder  many  People  almost  vomit  when
 
contemplating what  attorneys have  done  to  this  once  mighty,
 
powerful, and independent Republic.
 
 
     Legal fees  come too  high for  many average Citizens.  Yet,
 
the same  average Citizen  cannot turn  to laymen who may be well
 
versed in the necessary legal area, and this restricts the Courts
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 23 of 32

 
to attorneys  and those  who can  afford them.  Laymen who cannot
 
afford attorneys  must suffer  along as  best they can.  It is as
 
unjust a  system of  justice as one could conjure up.  Of course,
 
some persons  may qualify  for a  Public Defender.   That is like
 
being alone in a pit of cobras, and someone comes along and wants
 
to throw  in another  cobra.   Under those circumstances, what is
 
needed is  a mongoose  (read "Counsel  of Choice"),  not  another
 
cobra.  Perhaps the STAR CHAMBERS weren't so bad after all!
 
 
                                V
 
             PLAINTIFF'S RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF SPEECH
 
 
     Plaintiff has  not only  the Right to speak for himself, but
 
also to  speak through  whom he pleases.  This is inherent in the
 
First Amendment  Right to  freedom of  speech.   It is also self-
 
evident, as  a part of the Natural Rights Doctrine.  Those Rights
 
which are  called inherent  and inalienable  are outlined  in the
 
Declaration of  Independence,  which  antedates  all  government.
 
They are  natural or  God-given,  rather  than  government-given,
 
rights.   Plaintiff  points  out  that  he  does  not  claim  any
 
"attorney-given" rights,  but demands that his God-given, Natural
 
Rights not be infringed upon.
 
     This  fundamental  Right  of  freedom  of  speech  has  been
 
referred to  previously, but  Plaintiff  wishes  to  set  it  out
 
separately, to emphasize it to the Court, and herein refers again
 
to United  Mine Workers  v. Illinois Bar Association supra, NAACP
 
v. Button  supra, and  the Brotherhood  of Railroad  Trainmen  v.
 
Virginia State Bar supra, in support of said Right.
 
     It is  indicative that  the words  in  the  First  Amendment
 
embrace freedom  "of" speech,  and not  just freedom  "to" speak;
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 24 of 32

and, while  Plaintiff does not wish to prolong this memorandum by
 
a detailed discussion of the difference between the two terms, he
 
does wish  to bring  to this  Court's attention  that there  is a
 
difference, and that its application is obvious.
 
                               VI
 
                  DENIAL OF FREEDOM OF COUNSEL
                RESULTS IN A CONFLICT OF INTEREST
 
     Plaintiff's request  for the Court to recognize his Right to
 
non-attorney Counsel  in lieu  of, or  in addition  to,  attorney
 
Counsel, would  mean that  the Court  would have  to rule  during
 
trial on  a motion  regarding Plaintiff's  Right to  non-attorney
 
assistance, including that of assistant spokesman.
 
     If the  presiding Judge  of this Honorable Court has, in the
 
past, ever  been a  member of  any  bar  association  or  is,  at
 
present, a member of any bar association, or has close friends or
 
associates connected  with any  bar association,  then  Plaintiff
 
finds it difficult to see how this Court could possibly render an
 
unprejudiced and  impartial ruling affecting Plaintiff's Right to
 
non-attorney Counsel.
 
     It appears  to Plaintiff that the Court would find itself at
 
variance with  his own  standards, mainly  the Canons of Judicial
 
Ethics, No. 29, which states:
 
     A judge should abstain from performing or taking part in any
     judicial act  in which  his personal interests are involved.
     If he  has a personal litigation in the court of which he is
     judge, he need not resign his judgeship on that account, but
     he should,  of course, refrain from any judicial act in such
     controversy.
 
     It  is   apparent  to  the  Plaintiff  that  the  denial  of
 
Plaintiff's motion herein would call for thinking, on the part of
 
most reasonable  persons, that  the denial was based, at least in
 
part, on  a conflict  of interest  and upon  a "hardship  of  the
 
case," meaning upon the unfortunate bar associations.
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 25 of 32

 
     Granting a  motion for Counsel of choice, however, could not
 
be interpreted  as being  a conflict  of  interest,  but  rather,
 
granting such  a motion would occur despite personal interest and
 
in favor of fairness, of due process, and of the justice to which
 
the Sovereign  Citizen of  this Republic  is entitled  under  the
 
Sixth Amendment.
 
                               VII
 
              FEDERAL AND STATE COURTS' ENFORCEMENT
                OF PRACTICE-OF-LAW STATE STATUTE
           ABRIDGES FIRST, NINTH, AND TENTH AMENDMENTS
 
     The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution states:
 
     The powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  by  the
     Constitution, nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the  States,  are
     reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
 
The power  to abrogate  the Rights  mentioned herein has not been
 
delegated to  the United  States, nor  to any  State, through the
 
U.S. Constitution.   Such  a power  is an  undelegated  colorable
 
"office."
 
 
     Nothing in  the U.S. Constitution, or in the Constitution of
 
this Union  state, authorizes  a delegation of power to the state
 
to thwart  and frustrate  the foregoing  Rights, i.e.  freedom of
 
speech, of  religion, of  assembly, of petitioning for redress of
 
grievances, of  due process,  of the  Right to  contract, and  of
 
equal treatment under the law.
 
 
     Therefore, assuming  that all of the foregoing is true, then
 
the "power"  remains with  the People,  who are the Sovereigns in
 
this country as heretofore pointed out.  Therefore, the Plaintiff
 
retains the  power to  choose a spokesman in court, "any Thing in
 
the  Constitution   or  Laws   of  any   State  to  the  Contrary
 
notwithstanding."   See Article VI, Clause 2.  Regardless of this
 
state's  statutes   or  any   arbitrary  rule-making,  it  cannot
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 26 of 32

 
invalidate the  Plaintiff's fundamental  Rights protected  by the
 
U.S. Constitution.    Said  pretended  right  to  "regulate"  the
 
"practice of law" must fall, or recede, when placed alongside the
 
Plaintiff's fundamental  Right to  a fair  trial by  an impartial
 
jury, with  due  process,  freedom  of  speech,  and  freedom  of
 
contract, as heretofore demonstrated.
 
 
     It is  impossible to  delegate to  another  that  which  the
 
delegator does  not himself possess.  Plaintiff does not have the
 
right to  compel the  inadequate representation  of another  and,
 
therefore,  this  Plaintiff  is  powerless  to  delegate  such  a
 
tyrannical power  to a  legislature, whether or not controlled by
 
attorneys or any bar association.
 
 
     To summarize  the foregoing,  the Tenth  Amendment prohibits
 
Minnesota state  and  its  courts  from  restricting  Plaintiff's
 
fundamental Right  to a  non-attorney spokesman  in court.   Such
 
power is  not given  to Minnesota  state by either the U.S. or by
 
the  state   constitutions.    Therefore,  in  civil  cases,  the
 
Legislature has  usurped, at  the prodding  of attorneys, the so-
 
called Right to institute a statute prohibiting a defendant, in a
 
prosecution against  him by  his government,  from relying upon a
 
preferred spokesman  of trust and confidence.  In criminal cases,
 
there is no valid reason, statute, or court ruling that can alter
 
the fundamental Right to Counsel, and the courts, in denying said
 
spokesman, are arbitrarily usurping Plaintiff's Right.
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 27 of 32

 
     The Ninth  Amendment  reserves  all  non-enumerated  Rights.
 
They are  not to  be denied or disparaged, though not enumerated.
 
The mention  and enumeration  of the  Right to Counsel, under the
 
Supreme authority  of the Sixth Amendment, cannot be construed to
 
deny or  disparage the  Right to  that  Counsel's  being  a  non-
 
attorney, or a non-member of any bar association licensed only to
 
plea bargain, and lose.
 
 
     It would  appear  that  any  decent  person  would  have  no
 
difficulty agreeing  with the  above, and  that any  other ruling
 
would indeed be "frivolous" and without constitutional authority.
 
 
     Again, imposing restrictions on Plaintiff's Counsel violates
 
and circumvents Plaintiff's Fifth Amendment Rights.  In addition,
 
it imposes  cruel and  unusual punishment  upon the  Plaintiff by
 
forcing him  to seek  legal assistance,  when and if he needs it,
 
from those whom he either does not trust or cannot afford.
 
 
                              VIII
 
                 DENIAL OF NON-ATTORNEY COUNSEL
                      VIOLATES CIVIL RIGHTS
 
 
     Denial of  Plaintiff's desire  for  a  non-attorney  of  his
 
choice is  also a  deprivation of his civil Rights under color of
 
law, in  violation of Plaintiff's fundamental Rights as protected
 
by 42  U.S.C. 1983,  1985, and  1986.   See Owens  v. The City of
 
Independence.
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 28 of 32

 

                           CONCLUSION

 
     Any denial  of Counsel  is an  attempt to accomplish what is
 
prohibited by  the Sixth Amendment.  The Right recognized therein
 
says  nothing  about  only  "court-approved  counsel,"  and  that
 
fundamental Right is in no way qualified or limited.
 
     The U.S. Supreme Court held in Miller v. Milwaukee, 272 U.S.
 
713, 715,  that if  a statute  is part  of an  unlawful scheme to
 
reach a  prohibited result, then "... the statute must fail ...."
 
This was again upheld in McCallen v. Massachusetts, 279 U.S. 620,
 
630.  Legislators, whether federal or state, may not restrict the
 
courts only  to attorneys,  in order to deny effective assistance
 
of  Counsel   to  any  Plaintiff  who  evinces  a  desire  to  be
 
represented or  assisted  by  a  "friend,"  in  preference  to  a
 
licensed "attorney."   What  cannot be  done by  the front  door,
 
cannot be lawfully done by way of the back door.
 
     Legislators who  pass laws  do not have to be attorneys, nor
 
do  those   who  execute   the  law,  i.e.  Sheriffs,  Governors,
 
Presidents, etc.   Even  the Justices  of the  U.S. Supreme Court
 
need not  be licensed  attorneys.   To exclude  the  People  from
 
defending their  "friends" in the Courts turns said Courts into a
 
playground  for   the  legal  establishment,  and  is  a  blatant
 
violation of  Plaintiff's fundamental Right to Counsel of choice,
 
due process  of law, and equal protection under the law.  Justice
 
Brandeis said:
 
     Discrimination  is  the  act  of  treating  differently  two
     persons or  things under  like circumstances.  National Life
     Insurance Co. v. United States, 277 U.S. 508, 630.
 
 
     As far  back as  1886, the  U.S. Supreme Court was concerned
 
with the  unjust and  illegal discriminations  which were running
 
rampant.   The Court  frowned upon law that was administered with
 
an "unequal hand":
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 29 of 32

     ...  [S]o   as  practically   to  make  unjust  and  illegal
     discrimination  between  persons  in  similar  circumstances
     material to  their rights,  the denial  of equal  justice is
     still within  the prohibition  of the Constitution.  Yick Wo
     v. Hopkins supra.
 
 

Therefore, the  courts cannot  be the  exclusive territory  of  a

 
legal "elite corps," but must be open to all the Sovereign People
 
alike --  on an  equal basis,  providing due  process of  Law and
 
equal protection under that Law.
 
     The Ninth  and Tenth  Amendments also prohibit the denial of
 
Counsel of  choice.   Nowhere has  Plaintiff or  his predecessors
 
delegated such  restrictive powers to the United States or to any
 
of the  Union states,  and if  the Court will closely examine the
 
Ninth and  Tenth Amendments,  it will  find  that  the  Right  to
 
Counsel of  choice, such  as Plaintiff  herein  claims,  is  also
 
secured in  the penumbra  of these  Amendments, particularly  the
 
Ninth Amendment,  which is protected in the states.  Roe v. Wade,
 
41 L.W.  4213 (1973);  Shapiro v. U.S., 641, 394 U.S. 618 (1966);
 
Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1964).
 
     Speaking of  controlling constitutional  law, as  opposed to
 
mere statute law, Chief Justice Marshall said:
 
     Those  then,   who  controvert   this  principle,  that  the
     Constitution is  to be  considered in  court as  a paramount
     law, are reduced to the necessity of maintaining that courts
     must close  their eyes  on the Constitution and see only the
     law.
 
 
And the Court concluded that:
 
     This doctrine  would subvert  the  very  foundation  of  all
     written constitutions.
 
                            [Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, 176]
 
     The United  States Supreme  Court also  pointed out  in this
 
decision that, in declaring what should be the supreme Law of the
 
Land, the  U.S. Constitution  itself was first mentioned and "...
 
not the laws of the United States generally ...."
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 30 of 32

 
     The attorneys  who sit in state legislatures and in Congress
 
have no  right to  pass laws which infringe upon, or abolish, Our
 
fundamental Rights  under  the  U.S.  Constitution,  as  lawfully
 
amended, and  such unconstitutional  laws which  purport to do so
 
must be  declared null  and void and not binding upon the courts.
 
See Miranda v. Arizona supra, at 491.
 
 
                          VERIFICATION
 
I, Everett C. Gilbertson, Sui Juris, hereby verify, under penalty
 
of perjury,  under the  laws of  the United  States  of  America,
 
without the  "United States",  that the  above statements of fact
 
are true  and correct,  to the  best of  My current  information,
 
knowledge, and  belief, so  help Me  God, pursuant  to 28  U.S.C.
 
1746(1).
 
 
Dated: ______________________________
 
 
Respectfully submitted,
 
/s/ Everett C. Gilbertson
_____________________________________
Everett C. Gilbertson, Sui Juris
Citizen of Minnesota state
(expressly not a citizen of the United States)
 
All Rights Reserved without Prejudice
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 31 of 32

 

                        PROOF OF SERVICE

 
I, Everett  C.  Gilbertson,  Sui  Juris,  hereby  certify,  under
 
penalty of  perjury, under  the laws  of  the  United  States  of
 
America, without the "United States," that I am at least 18 years
 
of age,  a Citizen  of one  of the  United States of America, and
 
that I personally served the following document(s):
 
              MEMORANDUM OF POINTS AND AUTHORITIES
               IN SUPPORT OF NOTICE AND DEMAND FOR
           EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL OF CHOICE:
                         Sixth Amendment
 
by placing one true and correct copy of said document(s) in first
 
class United  States Mail,  with  postage  prepaid  and  properly
 
addressed to the following:
 
 
Henry Shea
United States Attorneys
110 South Fourth Street
Minneapolis, Minnesota state
 
Attorney General
Department of Justice
10th & Constitution, N.W.
Washington, D.C.
 

Solicitor General

Department of Justice
10th & Constitution, N.W.
Washington, D.C.
 
 
Dated:  __________________________________
 
/s/ Everett C. Gilbertson
__________________________________________
Everett C. Gilbertson, Sui Juris
Citizen of Minnesota state
(expressly not a citizen of the United States)
 
All Rights Reserved without Prejudice
 
 
     Memo of P&A for Counsel of Choice per Sixth Amendment:
                         Page 32 of 32
 
                             #  #  #

 

Return to Table of Contents for

U.S.A. v. Gilbertson, District Court