Appendix P Miscellaneous Letters Page P - 1 of 98 The Federal Zone: Reader's Notes: Page P - 2 of 98 Appendix P MEMO TO: Trusted Colleagues FROM: Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship DATE: November 4, 1992 SUBJECT: Trusts, Foreign and Domestic I have recently taken a keen interest in practical applications of The Federal Zone to trust creation and administration. In particular, I now believe I have enough evidence to prove that the correct distinction between foreign and domestic corporations is equally applicable to trusts. The purpose of this memo is to share some of this evidence with you, in order to challenge your thinking on this subject and possibly to open new possibilities for trust creation and administration. Black's Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, is a good place to begin. In this dictionary, we find the following important definitions: Foreign situs trust. A trust which owes its existence to foreign law. It is treated for tax purposes as a non-resident alien individual. [emphasis added] Foreign trust. A trust created and administered under foreign law. Black's Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, defines "foreign state" very clearly, as follows: The several United States*** are considered "foreign" to each other except as regards their relations as common members of the Union. [emphasis added] I have added three asterisks ("***") after "United States" in order to emphasize that the "United States" in this context refers to the 50 States of the Union. Now examine the definition of "foreign estate or trust" in the definitions section of the Internal Revenue Code, as follows: Page P - 3 of 98 The Federal Zone: Foreign Estate or Trust. -- The terms "foreign estate" and "foreign trust" mean an estate or trust, as the case may be, the income of which, from sources without the United States which is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, is not includible in gross income under subtitle A. [26 U.S.C. 7701(a)(31)] Do a bit of grammatical reconstruction, so as to eliminate the references to "foreign estate", and you get the following: The term "foreign trust" means a trust, the income of which is not includible in gross income under subtitle A. The income of a foreign trust is not includible in gross income when it derives from sources which are without the "United States" and which are not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the "United States". Recall the definition of "foreign situs trust" from Black's supra. Now compare the IRC definition of "foreign trust" with the IRC definition of "gross income" for nonresident alien individuals. Notice the component criteria of gross income for a nonresident alien individual, and their close similarity to the same criteria for foreign trusts: In the case of a nonresident alien individual, except where the context clearly indicates otherwise, gross income includes only -- (1) gross income which is derived from sources within the United States and which is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, and (2) gross income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States. [26 U.S.C. 872(a), emphasis added] It is crucial to remember that the term "United States", as used in these sections of the IRC, means the federal zone, i.e., the territory over which Congress has exclusive legislative authority. Income which is derived from sources without the "United States" is not included in gross income for nonresident aliens. Likewise, income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business without the "United States" is not included in gross income for nonresident aliens. Therefore, I have proven that the following rule has identical application to nonresident aliens and foreign trusts: Page P - 4 of 98 Appendix P Income is excludible from the computation of "gross income" if it derives from sources which are without the "United States" and which are not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the "United States". Now, let's dig a little deeper in order to determine if this finding is supported by other sections of the IRC. Find the heading "foreign trusts" in the Topical Index of the IRC as published by Commerce Clearing House. There you will find references to "situs" at 402(c) and 404(a)(4). Read these sections carefully: Taxability of Beneficiary of Certain Foreign Situs Trusts. -- For purposes of subsections (a) and (b), a stock bonus, pension, or profit-sharing trust which would qualify for exemption from tax under section 501(a) except for the fact that it is a trust created or organized outside the United States shall be treated as if it were a trust exempt from tax under section 501(a). [26 U.S.C. 402(c), emphasis added] Trusts Created or Organized Outside the United States. -- If a stock bonus, pension, or profit-sharing trust would qualify for exemption under section 501(a) except for the fact that it is a trust created or organized outside the United States, contributions to such a trust by an employer which is a resident, or corporation, or other entity of the United States, shall be deductible under the preceding paragraphs. [26 U.S.C. 404(a)(4), emphasis added] It is a well established principle of law that the 50 States are "foreign" with respect to each other, just as the federal zone is "foreign" with respect to each of them (In re Merriam's Estate, 36 NE 505 (1894)). The status of being foreign is the same as "belonging to" or being "attached to" another state or another jurisdiction. The proper legal distinction between the terms "foreign" and "domestic" is best seen in Black's definitions of foreign and domestic corporations, as follows: Foreign corporation. A corporation doing business in one state though chartered or incorporated in another state is a foreign corporation as to the first state, and, as such, is required to consent to certain conditions and restrictions in order to do business in such first state. Domestic corporation. When a corporation is organized and chartered in a particular state, it is considered a domestic corporation of that state. [emphasis added] Page P - 5 of 98 The Federal Zone: In light of all the above, I now contend that untold numbers of trusts have been created on the basis of a belief that they are domestic trusts when, in fact, they are foreign trusts, as the terms "domestic" and "foreign" are defined in the IRC and in the law dictionaries. The Internal Revenue Code was written under authority granted to Congress for the exercise of exclusive legislative jurisdiction over the federal zone. Accordingly, the 50 States and their respective laws are actually foreign with respect to the federal zone. The 10th Amendment makes it very clear that powers not specifically delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited to the States by the Constitution, are reserved to the States or to the people. A common-law trust situated in California exercises rights which are reserved to the people, because California is a common-law State and because the U.S. Constitution specifically reserves such rights to the people. # # # Page P - 6 of 98 Appendix P c/o P. O. Box 6189 San Rafael California Republic Postal Code 94903-0189/TDC February 15, 1993 Dagny Sharon Attorney-at-Law c/o 17332 Irvine Boulevard, #230 Tustin, California Republic Postal Code 92680/tdc Dear Dagny: I appreciated the opportunity to make your acquaintance at the Libertarian Party Convention in Sunnyvale this past weekend. I also regret that we didn't have a chance to spend more time together. Your videotape is quite original and light-hearted; I hope it brings you much success. Had we found a way to spend more time talking with each other, there is one important matter which I would definitely have wanted you to consider more carefully. During our conversation in the bar, while I was eating lunch, you implied that one of your goals is to work towards a "democracy" for America. Whether you intended it this way or not, such a goal directly contradicts Article 4, Section 4 of the Constitution for the United States of America, to wit: Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government .... What exactly is a "Republican Form" of government? It is one in which the powers of sovereignty are vested in the people and exercised by the people. Black's Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, makes this very clear: Republican government. One in which the powers of sovereignty are vested in the people and are exercised by the people, either directly, or through representatives chosen by the people, to whom those powers are specially delegated. In re Duncan, 139 U.S. 449, 11 S.Ct. 573, 35 L.Ed. 219; Minor v. Happersett, 88 U.S. (21 Wall.) 162, 22 L.Ed. 627. Both the California State Constitution and the U.S. Constitution state that the latter shall be the supreme Law of the land. In the U.S. Constitution, Article 6, Clause 2 states: Page P - 7 of 98 The Federal Zone: This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. At the turn of the century, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a series of controversial cases now known as The Insular Cases. These cases were predicated, in part, on the principle that the Constitution for the United States as such does not extend beyond the boundaries of the States which are united by and under it. Accordingly, this principle set a crucial precedent whereby Congress was free to establish a legislative democracy within the federal zone, instead of a constitutional republic. The federal zone is the area over which Congress exercises exclusive legislative jurisdiction; it encompasses the District of Columbia and such areas as Guam and the Virgin Islands. Even more important is the fact that this exclusive legislative jurisdiction extends to all persons who are subject to it, regardless of where they may reside. As such, the status of "citizen of the United States" (also known as "U.S. citizen") causes one to be subject to the letter of all municipal statutes, rules and regulations which Congress enacts under this exclusive legislative authority. The constitutional definition of this second class of citizens is alleged to be the so-called 14th Amendment. However, two standing decisions of the Utah Supreme Court have struck down the ratification of this amendment. Coupled with all the evidence which that Court utilized to arrive at these decisions, we have therein good cause to conclude that the so-called 14th Amendment is null and void for fraud and duress. My book The Federal Zone discusses the so-called 14th Amendment as follows: Not only did this so-called "amendment" fail to specify which meaning of the term "United States" was being used; like the 16th Amendment, it also failed to be ratified, this time by 15 of the 37 States which existed in 1868. The House Congressional Record for June 13, 1967, contains all the documentation you need to prove that the so-called 14th Amendment was never ratified into law (see page 15641 et seq.). For example, it itemizes all States which voted against the proposed amendment, and the precise dates when their Legislatures did so. "I cannot believe that any court, in full possession of its faculties, could honestly hold that the amendment was properly approved and adopted." State vs Phillips, 540 P.2d. 936, 941 (1975). The Utah Supreme Court has detailed the shocking and sordid history of the 14th Amendment's "adoption" in the case of Dyett vs Turner, 439 P.2d 266, 272 (1968). Page P - 8 of 98 Appendix P With this background knowledge firmly in hand, it is easy to explain why the federal government would reiterate the theme of "democracy" and "democratic institutions" over and over in its media propaganda. It is now obvious that such programming has been entirely successful; witness the large percentage of "Libertarians" who make repeated reference to their political goal of "democracy" for America. Perhaps without knowing it, they are participating in the slow but steady demise of the nation symbolized by the Stars and Stripes, "the Republic for which it stands, one Nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all." The Insular Cases made it possible for America to become divisible into a constitutional republic and a legislative democracy. It is the strategy of "divide and conquer", being applied once again with much success, this time to our very own homeland. I hope I have given you a few things to think about. Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship enclosures: People vs Boxer pleadings "Citizen is a Term of Municipal Law" copy: Jerry Collette Page P - 9 of 98 The Federal Zone: c/o P. O. Box 6189 San Rafael California Republic Postal Code 94903-0189/TDC February 7, 1993 John Voss, Director N.C.B.A. c/o P.O. Box 2255 Longmont, Colorado Postal Code 80502/tdc Dear John: Thanks so much for all the materials which you recently sent, with a copy of your letter to Mitch Beals. Time permitting, I do intend to do a thorough analysis of the written opinions. I am very disappointed, but not surprised, that the appellate decisions were "not for publication". I took all the decisions to the law library yesterday, but simply ran out of time. Enclosed are the preliminary results of that one afternoon at the library. Nevertheless, a distinct pattern is emerging already. Item #1: 28 U.S.C. 297. Assignment of judges to courts of the freely associated compact states This statute was part of the comprehensive "Judicial Improvements Act" submitted to Congress by Peter F. Rodino, Jr., Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives. It went into law on November 19, 1988 (P.L. 100-702, copy attached). Notice that subsection (a) refers to "the freely associated compact states" and to "the laws of the respective compact state". In and of themselves, these references are significant because I was unable to find any discussion of the legislative history for this specific statute; the material cited in U.S. Code Cong. and Adm. News skipped any mention of it. The statute is also too recent for any case law to have developed, and much too recent for the term "freely associated compact states" to appear in Words and Phrases, C.J.S., or Am Jur, although "compact" has several meanings in Black's Law Dictionary. What makes this term even more significant is the reference to it that is found in subsection (b), to wit: The Congress consents the acceptance and retention by any judge so authorized of reimbursement from the countries referred to in subsection (a) .... [emphasis added] Page P - 10 of 98 Appendix P I am going on memory now, but I do seem to recall a key exception to the definition of "state" once found in Title 28. The exception was to another provision of Title 28 which utilized the term "State court". I think this exception has since been removed by subsequent amendment, but the pre-amendment version clearly implied that the meaning of "state" as found in the standard definition was different from the meaning of "state" as intended by the term "State court" (hence the need for the "exception" clause). Therefore, the standard definition implied a federal state, not a Union State. In section 297 supra, we are faced with a choice between two conflicting and mutually incompatible interpretations of the term "freely associated compact states". If these states are Union States, then the "compact" may well be the U.S. Constitution and Congress has admitted openly that Union States are the "countries referred to in subsection (a)". If these states are other nations in the family of nations (e.g. China, Japan), then the "countries" referred to in subsection (a) are these other nations, and I can only speculate about the "compact" to which Section 297 refers. Could it be the U.N. charter? If not, what else could it be? some international treaty? I wonder if there is a way to inquire of the House Judiciary Committee without tipping our own hands and giving the Committee a reason to obfuscate the real answer. Or, what about the Library of Congress, or Congressional Research Service? I wouldn't put too much faith into the CRS, in light of the hack job they continue to do on "Frequently Asked Questions about Federal Income Taxes". This little tidbit is highly significant when placed in the larger context of all the research now assembled into the electronic version of The Federal Zone, third edition (disk enclosed). In particular, my interpretation of the distinction between "foreign" and "domestic" is amply supported by the definitions in Black's Sixth Edition, and especially by the Supreme Court decision to uphold the New York Court's decision of In re Merriam's Estate, 36 NE 505 (1894). Black's definitions of foreign and domestic corporations, in my opinion, leave little room for doubt about the correct distinction here. Black's defines "foreign state" very clearly, as follows: The several United States*** are considered "foreign" to each other except as regards their relations as common members of the Union. ... [O]ne state of the Union is foreign to another. [emphasis added] Item #2: U.S. Code Service, Lawyers Edition, Interpretive Notes In light of the pivotal importance of this distinction between "foreign" and "domestic", it was revealing to discover the nearly total absence of case law on this question in the U.S.C.S. Lawyers Edition (where you would expect a plethora of Page P - 11 of 98 The Federal Zone: citations). In the main body of U.S.C.S. dealing with the IRC definitions in 7701, there is only one reference to "foreign estate" (a revenue ruling) and there are only two references to "domestic building and loan association" (a revenue ruling and a district court ruling). What is even more revealing is the case of U.S. vs Bardina, the one and only citation to the IRC definition of "United States", to wit: Even though 26 USCS 7701(a)(9) defines "United States" as including only United States and District of Columbia, Puerto Rico is considered as being within United States for purposes of 6-year statute of limitations on tax crimes; .... [emphasis added] Notice the blatant tautology (again). Notice also that this interpretation flatly contradicts the actual IRC definition: (9) United States. -- The term "United States" when used in a geographical sense includes only the States and the District of Columbia. [26 U.S.C. 7701(a)(9), emphasis added] The term "States" is very different from the term "United States". And, of course, the corresponding definition of "State" makes absolutely no mention of any Union States: (10) State. -- The term "State" shall be construed to include the District of Columbia, where such construction is necessary to carry out provisions of this title. [26 U.S.C. 7701(a)(10)] Moving on to the Cumulative Supplement for the U.S.C.S. Lawyers Edition, we find a similar pattern. Here, we find one revenue ruling concerning a "foreign estate", and four citations to "resident and nonresident alien", two of which are "TC Memos", one of which is a "Private Letter Ruling", and one of which is a "Revenue Ruling". These are not exactly sterling authorities! One of these citations concerned a former official of a foreign government that was overthrown while he was in the "United States" under diplomatic passport. Another concerned a "US citizen who obtained a US passport before moving to a foreign country". Another concerned a spouse's election to be treated as a resident alien under IRC 7701(b). The last citation is worth investigating: Page P - 12 of 98 Appendix P Status of trust as foreign trust turns upon whether trust is comparable to nonresident alien individual; trust established and administered under laws of foreign country whose trustee is a foreign entity and whose corpus is located in a foreign country is nonforeign trust even though trust is grantor trust and its income is taxable to grantor who is United States citizen. Rev Rul 87-61, 1987-2 CB 219. [emphasis added] It would be revealing to examine the details about the trust in question, i.e., what was the "foreign country" under the laws of which the trust was established and administered. If it was a Union State, we have a bingo. Who or what was the "foreign entity" trustee? Where exactly was the "corpus" located? Notice the term "nonforeign"; I presume this means "domestic", based on the IRC definition of "foreign" at 7701(a)(5) (i.e., not domestic). Finally, notice that there is a "grantor" who is a "United States citizen"; this status appears to be the only mention of any nexus with the federal zone (if any). Item #3: United States Code Annotated (U.S.C.A.) Again, an identical pattern is found in the annotated version of the United States Codes. Here, we do find an interesting exception to the general rule for the federal zone, i.e., a Guam corporation is "foreign" for federal income tax purposes: Guam is not a "territory" within meaning of this section defining domestic corporation as one created or organized in United States or under laws of United States or of any state or territory, and Guam is considered a possession so that its corporations are foreign for federal income tax purposes. Sayre & Co. vs Riddell, C.A. Guam, 1968, 395 F.2d 407. Notice how carefully they skirt the general issue of exclusive legislative jurisdiction by ruling that Guam is a "possession", and "possessions" were not mentioned in the IRC's definition of "domestic" at that time ("or Territory" was deleted in 1977). In other words, in 1968 the definition of "domestic" mentioned "United States", and "any State or Territory". Since Guam was found to be a "possession" and not the "United States", not a "State" and not a "Territory", it was not domestic and therefore foreign. This is a fascinating little intricacy in this semantic jungle. The only other citation of any interest is the 1944 case which interpreted the meaning of "includes". I consider this decision to be erroneous, for reasons which I explain in detail in Chapter 12 of The Federal Zone, third edition. Specifically, Page P - 13 of 98 The Federal Zone: in formal English, a noun is either a person, a place, or a thing. The IRC specifically defines a trust to be a "person" as opposed to a "place" or a "thing" (see IRC 7701(a)(1)). The clarification of "includes" at IRC 7701(c) specifically states that this term shall not be deemed to exclude other things otherwise within the meaning of term defined; notice that "persons" and "places" are conspicuously absent from this clarification of "includes". Therefore, a "trust" cannot be a thing otherwise within the definition of "transferee" because a trust is a person, by definition, and a "transferee" is not a person because it is not mentioned in the IRC definition of "person". I know this may sound strained, but the IRC definition of "person" clearly embraces only an individual, a trust, estate, partnership, association, company or corporation; moreover, there is ample evidence that the IRC does obey strictly the rules of formal English grammar. That's it! Now, don't you get the feeling, as I do, that they are trying their best to avoid these crucial distinctions between "foreign" and "domestic"? In light of the clarity which is found in Black's definitions of foreign and domestic corporations, I would be hard pressed to demonstrate a clear and consistent pattern among these sparse authorities, many of which are not even courts. John, I am forced to conclude that some (if not all) of these cases were contrived, and that a thorough set of consistent Court authorities is very conspicuous for its absence. Item #4: McKinley vs United States of America, S.D. Ohio, 1992 Time permitting, I will try my best to analyze the unpublished cases which you generously provided to me. For now, I will take a brief look at McKinley because it will be published, and because there is so little in this decision which is relevant to The Federal Zone, i.e.: The Court takes judicial notice that while Ohio is a sovereign state, it is nevertheless part of the United States and Ohio residents are also residents of the United States and are subject to taxation. The Court finds the plaintiffs to be residents of the United States and not non- resident aliens. [emphasis added] I guess this Court failed to read Hooven or the corresponding definitions of "United States" in Black's. More importantly, this decision flatly contradicts the definition of "United States" at IRC 7701(a)(9). Sure, Ohio is part of the "United States" if "United States" means the several States of the Union. However, the IRC says that "United States" (when used in a geographical sense) includes only the District of Columbia Page P - 14 of 98 Appendix P and the States, and "State" shall be construed to include the District of Columbia (and nothing else)! Since singular and plural are interchangeable (per Title 1), since "include" is not found in the clarification of "includes" and "including" at 7701(c), and since 7701(c) mentions only "things" and not "persons" or "places", we are entirely justified in arguing that the term "United States" at 7701(a)(9) omits any mention of the Union States because they were intended to be omitted. The rules of statutory construction support this inference, as do the changes to 7701(a)(9) & (10) that resulted from the Alaska and Hawaii Omnibus Acts: Alaska and Hawaii were removed from the IRC definition of "State" when they joined the Union (of freely associated compact states). So, as pro bono judge of the Sovereign Electrical Circuit of Justice, I hereby reverse the holding in McKinley vs United States of America and remand with instructions to take explicit judicial notice of the legislative history of IRC 7701(a)(9), in addition to the well established rules of statutory construction (see Sutherland, for example). Item #5: Notes on Decisions re: 1:6:2 and Null and Void Lloyd These cases are either favorable or neutral. Lloyd, you are a sitting duck. Notice also the careful IRC distinction between "Secretary of the Treasury" and "Secretary" at 7701(a)(11). At first glance, this is bad news for our 7401 challenge, but closer examination reveals the following: (A) In General. -- The term "or his delegate" -- (i) when used with reference to the Secretary of the Treasury, means any officer, employee, or agency of the Treasury Department duly authorized by the Secretary of the Treasury directly, or indirectly by one or more redelegations of authority, to perform the function mentioned or described in the context; Even though IRC 7401 utilizes the term "Secretary", which means the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate, the term "or his delegate" means an officer, employee or agency duly authorized by the Secretary of the Treasury either directly, or indirectly by one or more redelegations of authority. In other words, Lloyd Bentsen must be in the loop, either directly, or indirectly by one or more redelegations of authority. So, it looks as if Null and Void Lloyd remains in a heap'a trouble; his colorable acts will spread through the Treasury Department like a computer virus, infecting everything they touch. We should get an expert on delegation of authority to see what, if any, redelegations originated from Nicholas Brady and whether they remain valid and in force after Bentsen's reign began. Page P - 15 of 98 The Federal Zone: Enough for now. I know you have nothing else to do but read these technicalities. The devil is always in the details. Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship enclosures copy: Mitchell Beals (great first name) Page P - 16 of 98 Appendix P c/o P. O. Box 6189 San Rafael California Republic Postal Code 94903-0189/TDC February 8, 1993 John Voss, Director N.C.B.A. c/o P.O. Box 2255 Longmont, Colorado Postal Code 80502/tdc Dear John: In my letter to you of February 7, my memory failed me when I referred to Title 28; the correct reference was Title 8 (I got one number right). I tracked it down today for you, because I am convinced that one of the "unpublished" cases which you recently sent to me is completely wrong for ruling that Union States are not "foreign countries" for purposes of the IRC. Enclosed is stunning proof of my position from American Jurisprudence. I picked up the trail in Ballentine's Law Dictionary, Third Edition, where it defines "sovereign state" as follows: In the United States, each state constitutes a discrete and independent sovereignty, and consequently the laws of one state do not operate of their own force in any other state. 16 AmJur J2d, "Conflict of Laws", Section 4. [Ballentine's Law Dictionary, Third Edition] I had to go hunting for the corresponding section in Am Jur, because the reference to Section 4 is a typographical error. I found what I was looking for at Section 2 instead. The key is to understand that the IRC is a "municipal law" as far as income taxation is concerned (see Conclusions in The Federal Zone): "... [T]he several states ... are otherwise, at least so far as private international law is concerned, in the same relation as foreign countries13. The great majority of questions of private international law are therefore subject to the same rules when they arise between two states of the Union as when they arise between two foreign countries, and [continued ...] ____________________ Footnotes: 13. Hanley vs Donoghue, 116 U.S. 1, 29 L.Ed 535, 6 S.Ct 242 Stewart vs Thomson, 97 Ky 575 Emery vs Berry, 28 NH 473 Page P - 17 of 98 The Federal Zone: in the ensuing pages the words "state," "nation," and "country" are used synonymously and interchangeably, there being no intention to distinguish between the several states of the Union and foreign countries by the use of varying terminology. [16 Am Jur 2d, "Conflict of Laws", Section 2] Notice, in particular, the comment in footnote 11: In the sense of public international law, the several states of the Union are neither foreign to the United States nor are they foreign to each other, but such is not the case in the field of private international law. Robinson vs Norato, 71 RI 256, 43 A2d 467, 162 ALR 362. Not to be outdone, Black's Sixth Edition chimed in with the following similar message: The term "foreign state," as used in a statement of the rule that the laws of foreign nations should be proved in a certain manner, should be construed to mean all nations and states other than that in which the action is brought; and hence one state of the Union is foreign to another, in the sense of that rule. [Black's Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition] Further stunning proof of The Federal Zone thesis is found in the Immigration and Nationality Act (see attached), where Congress slipped by including a key exception in its statutory definition of "State" at 8 USC 1101(a)(36). Prior to an amendment in 1987, this definition included the language "(except as used in section 310(a) of title III [8 USCS Section 1421(a)])". At that time, Section 1421(a) of Title 8 referred to courts "in any State" and "all courts of record in any State". I failed to pull the current text of 1421(a), but the current 1101(a)(36) removed the exception clause! I would bet that 1421(a) now has a special definition for the term "State", because 1421(a) must be talking about courts of the Union States. For corroboration, I have enclosed a page from the California State Constitution (1879), wherein California Superior Courts are given clear original jurisdiction to naturalize and "to issue papers therefor". Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship enclosures: photocopies of evidence Page P - 18 of 98 Appendix P c/o P. O. Box 6189 San Rafael California Republic Postal Code 94903-0189/TDC February 1, 1993 Rich Pralle, CFS R D P & Associates 100 Brush Creek Road, #105 Santa Rosa, California Republic Postal Code 95404/tdc Dear Rich: I may have misunderstood something which you said about the Internal Revenue Code. Am I correct in remembering you say that IRC 6672 concerned "withholding agents"? When I returned home, I looked up this section: Section 6672. Failure to Collect and Pay Over Tax, or Attempt to Evade or Defeat Tax (a) General Rule. -- Any person required to collect, truthfully account for, and pay over any tax imposed by this title who willfully fails to collect such tax, or truthfully account for and pay over such tax, or willfully attempts in any manner to evade or defeat any such tax or the payment thereof, shall, in addition to other penalties provided by law, be liable to a penalty equal to the total amount of the tax evaded, or not collected, or not accounted for and paid over. No penalty shall be imposed under section 6653 or part II of subchapter A of chapter 68 for any offense to which this section is applicable. [26 U.S.C. 6672, emphasis added] As you can see, there is no explicit mention of "withholding agents" in IRC 6672. The section to which I was referring in our conversation was IRC 7701(a)(16): (16) Withholding Agent. -- The term "withholding agent" means any person required to deduct and withhold any tax under the provisions of section 1441, 1442, 1443, or 1461. [26 U.S.C. 7701(a)(16), emphasis added] Sections 1441, 1442 and 1443 are too long to reproduce here. Their headings provide some indication of their contents: Section 1441. Withholding of Tax on Nonresident Aliens Section 1442. Withholding of Tax on Foreign Corporations Section 1443. Foreign Tax-Exempt Organizations Page P - 19 of 98 The Federal Zone: The following is the entire text of IRC 1461. This section is important because it specifically makes "withholding agents" liable for the taxes they deduct and withhold: Section 1461. Liability for Withheld Tax Every person required to deduct and withhold any tax under this chapter is hereby made liable for such tax and is hereby indemnified against the claims and demands of any person for the amount of any payments made in accordance with the provisions of this chapter. [26 U.S.C. 1461, emphasis added] In other words, the persons from whom they withhold are not liable for the taxes which they withhold. That is to say, nonresident aliens are not liable for the taxes that are withheld from the dividends they receive from stock issued by domestic corporations (see Treasury Decision 2313). So, we can link 1461 and 6672 because withholding agents are liable for the taxes they deduct and withhold, i.e., they are required to collect and pay over the tax imposed by 1461 (combining the language of 6672 and 1461); if they don't pay the taxes they deduct and withhold, then they would be liable to the penalty defined in 6672. Our research indicates that "withholding agents" are the only ones who are specifically made liable by the IRC for the payment of income taxes. If you can find another IRC section which specifically makes anyone else liable for the payment of income taxes, I would appreciate getting the exact citation from you. On another subject, I have several serious problems with the T.A.G. flyer entitled "Are You Really Liable?" One excerpt from this flyer reads: Section 7701(a)(1) defines the term person as: "The term 'person' shall be construed to mean and include an individual, a trust, estate, partnership, association, company or corporation." Well now, that certainly seems easy enough and section 7701(a)(1) makes no mention of the term "U.S. Individual". Now, look at section 7701(a)(30): "The term 'United States person' means - (A) a citizen or resident of the United States, (B) a domestic partnership, (C) a domestic corporation, and (D) any estate or trust ...." [continued ...] Page P - 20 of 98 Appendix P There is no mention of the term "U.S. Citizen"; "Individual", or "U.S. Individual". ... Assuming the term "U.S." means United States, then the 1040 would be for a "United States Individual", the 1120 for a "United States Corporation". In my opinion, this sequence of logic is misleading. The flyer assumes that the term "U.S. means United States". Fair enough. If it doesn't mean "United States", the flyer does not tell us what else it might mean. So, for purposes of this analysis, the term "U.S." means "United States". However, the flyer also states that there is no mention of the term "U.S. Citizen". This is technically correct, because the IRC never utilizes a capital "C" when it refers to "citizens of the United States" or "United States citizens" (except when a capital "C" is required in the first word of a sentence or heading). This is misleading, because the same flyer quotes section 7701(a)(30) which does mention "citizen or resident of the United States", i.e., "citizen of the United States" or "resident of the United States". The flyer also states that there is no mention of the term "Individual" or "U.S. Individual". Again, this is technically correct, because the IRC utilizes the lower-case "i" when it refers to individuals. But, for similar reasons, the flyer is misleading because "citizens of the United States" and "residents of the United States" are among the "individuals" to whom the IRC refers. This is so because "person" means and includes an "individual"; it also means and includes a trust, estate, partnership, association, company or corporation. Therefore, an "individual" is a person in the same way that a horse is an animal; moreover, using permissible substitution, the term "United States person" means and includes a "U.S. individual". The "U.S. individuals" to whom the IRC refers are the "citizens of the United States" and "residents of the United States". This can be confirmed at 26 CFR 1.1-1 et seq. For similar reasons, I also consider the following excerpt of the flyer to be misleading and erroneous: At section 6011, when required by regulations prescribed by the Secretary any person made liable for any tax imposed by this title ... shall make a return. Did the Secretary prescribe by regulations that a citizen of the United States was liable for filing? No, of course not. [emphasis added] Page P - 21 of 98 The Federal Zone: Here's the corresponding section of the CFR: 1.6011-1 General requirement of return, statement, or list. (a) General rule. Every person subject to any tax, or required to collect any tax, under Subtitle A of the Code, shall make such returns or statements as are required by the regulations in this chapter. The return or statement shall include therein the information required by the applicable regulations or forms. Another important regulation is the following: 1.6012-1 Individuals required to make returns of income. (a) Individual citizen or resident -- (1) In general. Except as provided in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph, an income tax return must be filed by every individual ... for each taxable year beginning after December 31, 1972, during which he received $750 or more of gross income, if such individual is: (i) A citizen of the United States, whether residing at home or abroad, (ii) A resident of the United States even though not a citizen thereof .... So, I think the T.A.G. flyer is entirely wrong when it states that "of course" the Secretary has "not" prescribed by regulations that a citizen of the United States was liable for filing. I have just proven that the Secretary has prescribed regulations which require a "citizen of the United States" to make an income tax return, provided that his "gross income" exceeds the specified dollar threshold. The computation of gross income for nonresident aliens is defined at IRC 872(a); in most situations, that computation results in a gross income of zero. Frank Brushaber's "gross income" was not zero because he received a dividend from a "U.S. corporation", namely, the Union Pacific Railroad Company. It was a U.S. corporation because it was incorporated by Congress. Finally, I realize that the California voter registration form does say "For U.S. Citizens Only" in red letters across the top of the form. However, the affidavit on that registration form is the statement that matters: Page P - 22 of 98 Appendix P READ THIS STATEMENT AND WARNING PRIOR TO SIGNING I am a citizen of the United States and will be at least 18 years of age at the time of the next election. I am not imprisoned or on parole for the conviction of a felony. I certify under penalty of perjury under the laws of the State of California that the information on this affidavit is true and correct. WARNING Perjury is punishable by imprisonment in state prison for two, three or four years. Section 126 Penal Code [emphasis in original] I contend that the "citizen of the United States" to which this form refers is the same "citizen of the United States" to which the Internal Revenue Code refers, to which the Code of Federal Regulations refers, and to which the so-called Fourteenth Amendment refers. If you are interested, we have now located two Utah Supreme Court cases which struck down the so-called Fourteenth Amendment. The language of Section 1 of that amendment is almost identical to the definition of "citizen" that is found in 26 CFR 1.1-1(c). Given that the so-called Fourteenth Amendment was never properly approved and adopted, the earliest definition of "citizen of the United States" that we have been able to find in law is found in the 1866 Civil Rights Act. Thanks for your consideration. Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship copy: Rleen Joy Don Fletcher Page P - 23 of 98 The Federal Zone: c/o P. O. Box 6189 San Rafael, California Postal Zone 94903-0189/TDC December 22, 1992 Andrew Melechinsky Constitutional Revival P. O. Box 3182 Enfield, Connecticut Postal Zone 06083/tdc Dear Andy: Thanks very much for your unsigned note, postmarked December 16, 1992. In response to my previous question concerning 1:8:17 in the U.S. Constitution, you wrote the following: Answer. It is self evident that no state or any other governing body is authorized to make laws for the District of Columbia or other enclaves which belong to the United States. It should be obvious that this provision of the Constitution was designed to make Congress the equivalent to the Enfield Town Council or the Podunk Board of Selectmen for the purpose of governing those areas. [my emphasis] I couldn't agree more with your answer. In fact, it is uncanny how close our thinking is on this question. In my research and writings, I often refer to Congress as "City Hall" for the federal zone. In other words, if Congress wants to pass a "dog leash" law for D.C., it is authorized to do so by 1:8:17 in the Constitution. This dog leash law would apply only inside D.C., and nowhere else, right? Now, let's use a similar example, only this time let's incorporate a tax in our example. Let's say that Congress wants to tax the sale of dog leashes inside D.C. This is an excise tax, right? Congress is empowered to levy excise taxes, right? But, here's the rub: must the tax rate be uniform throughout the 50 States? Wait a minute, you ask, the question of uniformity only applies to federal excises levied inside the 50 States. This tax on the sale of dog leashes only applies inside the District of Columbia. The 50 States are irrelevant to the application of this tax and, therefore, the issue of uniformity is also irrelevant, is it not? Such an excise tax need not be uniform throughout the 50 States, because it has no application anywhere inside the 50 States. It is a "municipal" tax. No State or any other governing body is authorized to levy such a tax inside D.C., just as Congress is not authorized to levy such a tax outside D.C. and inside the 50 States. Page P - 24 of 98 Appendix P The key court decision on this question is Downes vs Bidwell, which is one of The Insular Cases, as they are called. You might also read the several articles which appeared in the Harvard Law Review on these cases. I have enclosed a memo which I wrote some time ago on exclusive authority as applied to direct taxes. You also wrote that "it takes a wild imagination to visualize the District of Columbia as a second 'United States'. Even if it was, it would still be subject to the constraints of the Bill of Rights." Let's postpone correspondence on the Bill of Rights until you and I can clarify our respective positions on federal taxing authority, OK? In this context, the key question is this: are federal municipal taxes subject to the uniformity and apportionment rules found in the Constitution? My answer is this: no, because those restrictions only apply to federal laws which are levied inside the 50 States. One of the Supreme Court's best statements on this dual or heterogeneous attribute of federal laws is the following excerpt from the Hooven case: ... [T]he United States** may acquire territory by conquest or by treaty, and may govern it through the exercise of the power of Congress conferred by Section 3 of Article IV of the Constitution .... In exercising this power, Congress is not subject to the same constitutional limitations, as when it is legislating for the United States***. ... And in general the guaranties [sic] of the Constitution, save as they are limitations upon the exercise of executive and legislative power when exerted for or over our insular possessions, extend to them only as Congress, in the exercise of its legislative power over territory belonging to the United States**, has made those guaranties [sic] applicable. [Hooven & Allison Co. vs Evatt, 324 U.S. 652 (1945)] [emphasis added] Now, let's imagine, just for the sake of argument, that the income tax provisions in the Internal Revenue Code are municipal statutes, which are "not subject to the same constitutional limitations" which apply when Congress "is legislating for the [50] United States" of America. You will notice that the IRC's petroleum taxes are uniform throughout the 50 States, and in those provisions the term "State" is defined to include the 50 States. However, when it comes to the graduated income tax, the term "State" is defined to include only the District of Columbia (and none of the 50 States). Isn't this odd? Not really, when you realize that the graduated income tax is, indeed, a municipal statute which is unaffected by the uniformity and apportionment restrictions in the Constitution, for the reasons discussed above. Page P - 25 of 98 The Federal Zone: Last but not least, we have in America a government of the "United States" and a government of each of the several States; each has citizens of its own. Therefore, we have State Citizens, and we have federal citizens (also known as "citizens of the United States"). See the Cruikshank case for the seminal authority on this dual citizenship. Now, the exercise of State Citizenship is an unalienable right, endowed by the Creator (see the Declaration of Independence). But, and this is important, even crucial to the issue of taxation, federal citizenship is a statutory privilege, the exercise of which can be taxed with an excise tax without uniformity throughout the 50 States. The term "citizen of the United States" was first expressed in law by the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Some people say that it was put into the Constitution by the so-called 14th Amendment, but we have now located two (2) Utah Supreme Court cases which held that the Amendment was not properly ratified. Therefore, the status of "United States citizen" is at best the creation of Congressional legislation -- endowed by Congress and NOT by the Creator. So, think of federal citizens as citizens of the federal zone. The taxation of their incomes is a municipal excise tax, just like the tax on dog leashes discussed above. The "income" is not the subject of the tax; the subject of the tax is the exercise of the statutory privilege known as federal citizenship (also known as "U.S. citizenship"). The "income" is simply the measure of the tax. I hope I have made some sense out of the jungle of legal jargon and double-talk which gets in the way of clear thinking on this subject. Admittedly, the whole situation is made immensely complicated by the deliberate vagueness and confusion which were incorporated into Title 26 and its regulations in the CFR. But, I am confident we have now proven that the graduated income tax provisions of Title 26 are municipal statutes which apply only to the federal zone (e.g. federal employees) and to the citizens of that zone, no matter where they might "reside". In fact, to be a "resident" of California, strictly speaking, means that one is a federal citizen who resides outside the federal zone and inside California. Technically speaking, a State Citizen does not "reside" in the State of his domicile. I would appreciate getting your written comments on all the above. In the meantime, thanks for your continuing work to benefit the Freedom Movement in America today. Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship Page P - 26 of 98 Appendix P c/o P. O. Box 6189 San Rafael, California Postal Zone 94903-0189/TDC November 4, 1992 Karl Loren, Author 1831 North Bel Aire Drive Burbank, California Republic Postal Zone 91504/tdc Dear Karl: Thank you for the complimentary copy of Verity, Volume 2, Number 10, dated November 1, 1992. Although I do not care to get embroiled in the trust controversy described in this issue of Verity, your newsletter does contain the following paragraphs which, in my humble opinion, contain serious errors. Numbers in [brackets] are my paragraph numbers, for ease of reference: [1] We in the United States tax U.S. Citizens on their income whether they live in the U.S. or in a foreign country. We tax those U.S. Citizens, regardless of residence, on their income whether they received it from within the United States or from outside the United States. [2] We even go so far as to tax aliens who reside within the United States -- on their income from either within the U.S. or outside the U.S. [3] A U.S. Supreme Court case [Cook v. Tait, 265 U.S. 47 (1924)] requires the U.S. Citizen abroad to pay taxes in the U.S. [4] The Supreme court ruled in this case that the United States has the power to tax its citizens on their worldwide income solely by reason of their citizenship. [5] "No other major country in the world taxes its nonresident citizens on their foreign-source incomes at all" according to Marshall J. Langer, Professor of Law, Miami University, author of Practical International Tax Planning. There is even a tax law that makes it illegal to change your U.S. citizenship for the purpose of avoiding taxes! [citing IRC Section 877(a)] [6] We even go so far as to tax nonresident aliens who reside outside the U.S., but who receive income FROM within the United States. [citing IRC Sections 871(a) and 871(b)] [7] But, the IRS certainly does not try to collect income taxes from a nonresident alien who receives his ONLY income from sources without the United States. Page P - 27 of 98 The Federal Zone: [8] It would be ludicrous to even pause to consider the possibility of the United States claiming tax jurisdiction over a nonresident alien earning income from a non-US Source! I am somewhat chagrinned to be writing this letter in the first place, because you purchased The Federal Zone some months ago, and your written communications to me seemed to imply that you understood, and agreed with, the book. The above quoted paragraphs from Verity, dated November 1, 1992, now leave me wondering just how much of The Federal Zone you actually read and understood. Let me proceed with an analysis of your statements, paragraph-by-paragraph: [1] The Internal Revenue Code (26 USC) and the regulations which promulgate that Code (26 CFR) do not impose federal income taxes on "U.S. Citizens". The regulations at 26 CFR 1.1-1(b) and (c) state that income tax liability is imposed on the worldwide income of "citizens of the United States" and "residents of the United States". In English, there is a world of difference between a proper noun and a common noun. Proper nouns are capitalized; common nouns are not. If you think this distinction is irrelevant or merely academic, then it is now incumbent upon you to carry the burden of finding and demonstrating one single reference to "U.S. Citizens" in the IRC and its regulations. References to "Citizen" or "Citizens" in the first word of a sentence, or in paragraph headings, do not count, because formal English requires that terms in such grammatical positions be capitalized. Moreover, the Hooven case quoted and discussed in The Federal Zone proves that the term "United States" has at least three different meanings in law. This fact is supported by the same meanings which are found in Black's Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition. The late John Knox once confided to me that the Solicitor General in De Lima vs Bidwell actually argued that the term "United States" has at least five (5) different meanings in the Constitution. I am also told that James Madison anticipated the ambiguity found in the term "United States", and documented this ambiguity in his notes on the Constitutional Convention. These notes were reportedly published in 1840, but to date I have been unsuccessful in locating a copy of these notes. Your paragraph [1] is ambiguous for failing to define precisely which of these several meanings you are utilizing. This is crucial because you make the all-important distinction between income derived from sources within the "United States" and income derived from sources without the "United States". A precise definition of "United States" is therefore pivotal to any and all discussions of federal tax law. Page P - 28 of 98 Appendix P Moreover, the 50 States are considered to be "foreign countries" with respect to the "United States", for purposes of federal taxation, because the regulations clearly define the "United States" to be the territory over which the federal government has exclusive rights. This is the very same term that is found in 1:8:17 in the Constitution and for this reason "exclusive" is also a pivotal term. The 50 States of the Union retain all rights not reserved by the people and not explicitly enumerated for the federal government by the Constitution (see the 9th and 10th Amendments for proof). [2] Again, this paragraph fails to provide a precise definition of "United States". Moreover, it makes reference to "aliens" who "reside within the United States". If you study IRC 7701(b)(1)(B) very carefully, you will discover that an "alien" is an individual who is not a "citizen of the United States" and a "nonresident" is an individual who is not a "resident of the United States (within the meaning of subparagraph (A)". IRC 7701(b)(1)(A) is important because it defines the three tests which distinguish "resident aliens" from "nonresident aliens". These three tests are the only ways in which an "alien" can be a "resident alien". Therefore, these three tests define "residence" for purposes of federal income taxation. See also IRS Publication 519: "For tax purposes, an alien is an individual who is not a U.S. citizen." Therefore, a State Citizen who is not also a federal citizen is an alien for federal tax purposes. Your paragraph [2] is vague and therefore void. [3] Again, you make reference to a "U.S. Citizen". See discussion of paragraph [1] above. [4] Now you make reference to the "United States", "its citizens" and "their citizenship". Oddly, this paragraph is grammatically and legally correct, because the Congress does have exclusive legislative jurisdiction over its own federal citizens, no matter where on planet Earth they may "reside". The enclosed materials go into great depth to explain the distinction between federal citizens and State Citizens, so I won't belabor this distinction here. It is important to realize that the distinction between these two classes of citizenship is as important and fundamental as the distinction between the State and federal governments. See the Cruikshank case, K. Tashiro vs Jordan, and Ex parte Knowles for proof. The Slaughter House Cases are the seminal decisions in this area. If you fail to educate yourself about this important legal history, you will continue to propagate the kind of confusion which is evident in Verity for November 1, 1992. Page P - 29 of 98 The Federal Zone: [5] Here again you are back on track, but it is not clear whether you are back on track knowingly and intentionally, or not. Congress has authority to tax its own federal citizens, wherever they reside and wherever the source of their income. Therefore, "resident citizens" and "nonresident citizens" are treated the same in federal tax law because the worldwide income of both groups is taxed. Your paragraph [5] does make a grievous error, however, by stating that the tax law makes it illegal to change your "U.S. citizenship" for the purpose of avoiding taxes. Your paragraph [5] then cites IRC 877(a). This is not what Section 877(a) says, nor is expatriation made illegal by any subparagraphs of Section 877. Read them! IRC 877 merely discusses the rules which shall govern federal tax liability when expatriation occurs. It does not outlaw expatriation! [6] This paragraph is also correct on its face, but it too suffers for lacking a precise definition of "United States" and "U.S." Sections 871(a) and 871(b) are governed by the statutory definition of "United States" that is found at IRC 7701(a)(9). This definition, in turn, is governed by the statutory definition of "State" that is found at IRC 7701(a)(10). IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO TAKE CAREFUL NOTE OF THE EXACT WORDING OF 7701(a)(10): The term "State" shall be construed to include the District of Columbia, where such construction is necessary to carry out the provisions of this title. [emphasis added] Now, it is true that the terms "includes" and "including" are qualified by IRC 7701(c), but notice that "include" is not qualified by IRC 7701(c). This may seem like nit-picking, but the published rules of statutory construction do apply here. Specifically, the rule of inclusio unius est exclusio alterius (the inclusion of one is the exclusion of others) states that an irrefutable inference must be drawn that what is omitted or excluded from a statutory definition was intended to be omitted or excluded. The term "include" is excluded from 7701(c). The term "California" is excluded from 7701(a)(10). Therefore, all by itself, this rule of statutory construction allows us to infer that "include" is not expansive and "California" is excluded from the statutory definition of "State" found at 7701(a)(10). There are other rules of statutory construction which produce the same result, e.g., ejusdem generis (the federal zone and the 50 States are not in the same general class of entities because the 50 States are members of the Union, while the areas within the federal zone are not). Now the burden is upon you to prove otherwise. Don't forget that any doubt must be resolved in favor of those upon whom the Page P - 30 of 98 Appendix P tax is sought to be laid; the Supreme Court has said so, more than once! [7] The IRS most certainly does try to collect income taxes from nonresident aliens who receive their ONLY income from sources without the "United States". For purposes of income taxation, the "United States" as defined in the IRC is no larger than the territory over which Congress exercises exclusive legislative authority, i.e., the federal zone. If you study Treasury Decision 2313 carefully, you will come to discover that Frank Brushaber was classified by the Treasury Department as a nonresident alien. His court documents prove that he claimed to be a State Citizen who lived and worked in New York City. Therefore, State Citizens who are not also federal citizens are "nonresident aliens" as far as federal income taxes are concerned. How many millions of Americans have been victimized by the deliberate and criminal confusion which has been fostered by vague and ambiguous terms in the IRC? I say at least 100 million, counting all those who have paid income taxes and passed away since 1913. [8] It certainly is ludicrous for the "United States" to claim tax jurisdiction over nonresident aliens who earn income from "non-US" sources, but IT makes this claim all the time. By IT I mean the authority granted to Congress by 1:8:17 and 4:3:2 in the U.S. Constitution, which authority MUST be lawfully delegated to the Internal Revenue Service (a private mercantile organization which collects interest payments for the Federal Reserve banks). The evidence is overwhelming that Congress simply does not have exclusive legislative authority over the 50 States. The study entitled "Jurisdiction Over Federal Areas Within the States" makes this case over and over and over. At last count, this study cites more than 700 federal and state court cases which all found the same thing: Congress does not enjoy exclusive legislative jurisdiction inside the boundaries of the 50 States until and unless a State Legislature cedes its sovereign jurisdiction to Congress, and does so for a specific parcel of land (called an "enclave"). At this point in the game, Karl, you can no longer claim ignorance of this massive body of case law. Congress cannot impose a direct tax on State Citizens unless that tax is duly apportioned. The earnings of State Citizens are exempt from taxation by the fundamental law. The apportionment rule is found in the fundamental law, but there are no apportionment provisions anywhere in the Internal Revenue Code. The burden is now upon you to prove otherwise! Page P - 31 of 98 The Federal Zone: A man with your intelligence should not hesitate to admit that the ambiguities in Title 26 had to be intentional. We know that the Treasury Department can be clear when it needs to be clear. The most important ambiguity is found in the several meanings of "State" and "United States" in the statute and its regulations. There is an obvious reason why the definitions are not crystal clear and completely unambiguous, and that reason is MONEY. A crystal clear and completely unambiguous definition of federal income tax jurisdiction would limit the definition of "United States" to the federal zone and no more. There is a massive amount of case law which proves that Congress does not exercise exclusive legislative jurisdiction upon any of the Citizens or the territory of the 50 States. In support of all my observations above, I have enclosed for your information the drafts of several chapters from the third edition of The Federal Zone, which has not yet been published. I strongly encourage you to devour this material, and also the court cases and other publications cited therein. If you persist in claiming that there is nothing to be made of difference between "Citizens" and "citizens", particularly in the face of all the evidence which I am now sharing with you, then I will be forced to conclude that you and I going in opposite directions. At the very least, I will be forced to conclude that your understanding of federal tax law does not warrant the high costs you are charging for your trust advisory services. Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship enclosures Page P - 32 of 98 Appendix P c/o USPS P. O. Box 6189 San Rafael, California Postal Code 94903-0189/TDC October 1, 1992 Hi John, I've continued to think about De Ganay vs Lederer, 250 U.S. 376. Here's a decision table to help us organize our thoughts. It is not necessarily rigorous or exhaustive, but provides a useful framework. For what it's worth, this table distinguishes stockholder dividends from corporate profits, as follows: Case 1: Both stockholder and corporation are overseas. Plaintiff Defendant 16th Result overseas overseas yes Congress cannot tax at all because NRA corp. both are beyond its jurisdiction. overseas overseas no Congress cannot tax at all because NRA corp. both are beyond its jurisdiction. The decisive factor here is territorial jurisdiction. The 16th Amendment is irrelevant. Case 2: Corporation is chartered by a Union State (a/k/a "State corp."). The tax on stockholder dividends is a "direct" tax, per Pollock. Plaintiff Defendant 16th Result overseas State yes Congress can tax without apportionment NRA corp. because stockholder is not protected by the Constitution. overseas State no Congress can tax without apportionment, NRA corp. because stockholder is not protected by the Constitution. State State yes Congress can tax without apportionment Citizen corp. if both are inside a Union State. State State no Congress cannot tax without apportion, Citizen corp. Congress can tax with apportion, if both are inside a Union State. The decisive factor here is the protection afforded by the applicable Constitution(s), if any. Note that a ratified 16th Amendment makes a difference for State Citizens, but not for overseas NRA's. Page P - 33 of 98 The Federal Zone: Case 3: Corporation is chartered by a Union State (a/k/a "State corp."). The tax on corporate profits is always an "indirect" tax: Plaintiff Defendant 16th Result either State yes Congress can tax if tax is uniform and NRA corp. corporation is inside a Union State. either State no Congress can tax if tax is uniform and NRA corp. corporation is inside a Union State. The decisive factor here is that profit generation by State corporations is a revenue-taxable activity because corporations are privileged creations of government (they enjoy the privilege of limited liability). The tax rates must be uniform, however. Case 4: Corporation is chartered inside federal zone (a/k/a "domestic"). The tax on corporate profits is always an indirect tax. Plaintiff Defendant 16th Result either domestic yes inside federal zone, Congress can tax NRA corp. without uniformity or apportionment either domestic no inside federal zone, Congress can tax NRA corp. without uniformity or apportionment The decisive factor here is that profit generation by "domestic" corporations is a revenue-taxable activity because these corporations are privileged creations of Congress. Tax rates need not be uniform or apportioned; only majority rule needs to be satisfied. Summary Thus, if my analysis of corporate profits is correct, the 16th Amendment is not relevant, even if the corporation is chartered by a Union State. Congress is free to define a tax on corporate profit as an excise tax, and Congress need only satisfy the uniformity rule if the corporation is chartered by a Union State. Congress need only satisfy majority rule if the corporation is chartered inside the federal zone (see Chapter 13, 3rd edition). The situation is a bit different if the subject is dividends. The status of dividend recipients then becomes relevant, as does the ratification of the 16th Amendment. I distinguish dividends from profits because they can be taxed separately. There is no compelling logical reason why dividend payors must be held liable for the tax on dividends; dividend recipients could be designated the liable party (if not the withholding agent). Page P - 34 of 98 Appendix P So, the De Ganay case does not represent a threat to the thesis of The Federal Zone after all. This is so because the dividend recipient was unprotected by the Constitution and the corporation was engaged in a privileged, revenue-taxable activity, even if it was chartered by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. If this analysis does anything, it reveals a need to distinguish overseas NRA's (like Emily De Ganay) from State Citizens (like Frank R. Brushaber). The current Internal Revenue Code does not make this distinction, however. Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship Page P - 35 of 98 The Federal Zone: Conklin Rebuttal (briefly) by Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship July 4, 1992 Liability of Individuals Conklin is saying that nobody is made liable for income taxes. His ad in The Connector of May 1992 stated: "My name is Bill Conklin and I have searched the Internal Revenue code for twelve years: it is my opinion after extensive research that there is no statute that makes anyone liable for the income tax ..." [emphasis added]. This statement is wrong; "withholding agents" are specifically made liable by Sections 1441 and 1461 of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). Effect of Regulations Conklin has written privately that Congress cannot promulgate regulations which exceed the statute and that a regulation cannot exceed the limitations created by the statute. The preponderance of case law proves that the regulations in 26 CFR do have the force and effect of law. See 2 Am Jur 2d, Section 289 et seq. See also the Federal Register Act and Administrative Procedure Act. The regulations in 26 CFR are not so easily swept away. In re: Becraft This is not a good decision because Becraft's research concludes that only "aliens here and citizens abroad" are liable for federal income taxes. This conclusion is easily disproven by 26 CFR 1.1-1(b), one of the key regulations which define the income tax liability of individuals: In general, all citizens of the United States**, wherever resident, and all resident alien individuals are liable to the income taxes imposed by the Code whether the income is received from sources within or without the United States**. [26 CFR 1.1-1(b), emphasis added] Moreover, that court reduced Becraft's argument to one elemental proposition, and rejected it for "absurdity" and "frivolity": The Sixteenth Amendment does not authorize a direct non-apportioned income tax on resident United States citizens [sic] and thus such citizens are not subject to the federal income tax laws. We hardly need comment on the patent absurdity and frivolity of such a proposition. Page P - 36 of 98 Appendix P Well, the Brushaber decision found otherwise. Moreover, the Becraft court uses the term "resident United States citizen", which manifests a lack of understanding of the relevant regulations and their legislative history. The citizen/alien dimension is a birth status (or naturalization status). The resident/nonresident dimension is a location status. The term "resident United States citizen" only makes sense if one intends to distinguish it from "nonresident United States citizen", "resident alien" and "nonresident alien". The Becraft court would benefit enormously by mastering The Matrix as explained in The Federal Zone. Their failure to define terms is a serious, if not fatal flaw. U.S. vs Collins * By citing Collins as an authority for defeating The Federal Zone thesis, Conklin confuses judicial jurisdiction with legislative jurisdiction. The two are obviously different: district court jurisdiction is created by statute, legislative jurisdiction is created by the Constitution. * Collins ruled: "The argument that the sixteenth amendment does not authorize a direct, non-apportioned tax on United States citizens similarly is devoid of any arguable basis in law" [emphasis added]. This statement is demonstrably false because the Brushaber decision supports this argument. * Collins also ruled: "For seventy-five years, the Supreme Court has recognized that the sixteenth amendment authorizes a direct nonapportioned tax upon United States citizens throughout the nation, not just in federal enclaves, see Brushaber ...." Brushaber is NOT an authority for this statement; Brushaber ruled that income taxes are indirect taxes and the only effect of the 16th Amendment was to overturn the Pollock principle. Read it! The existence of one or more apparently unfavorable cases does not invalidate The Federal Zone (see Unfavorable Case Law below). Sixteenth Amendment Most federal courts refuse to recognize the mountain of material evidence which impugns the ratification of the so-called 16th Amendment. However, the judge in U.S. vs Benson admitted, on the record, that there is no law if Bill Benson is correct. By citing Collins, Conklin is siding with irresponsible judges who label the evidence a "political" question. Well, it wasn't a "political" question in the years immediately after the amendment was "declared" ratified. Both the Collins and Becraft decisions are badly defective because they attempt to sustain the obvious fiction that there is no material evidence against the 16th Amendment. Mr. Conklin needs to choose between fact and fiction. (Racing firemen don't stop for curb dogs.) Page P - 37 of 98 The Federal Zone: Treasury Decision 2313 This Treasury Decision is crucial evidence that The Federal Zone's status and jurisdiction arguments are valid. Frank Brushaber declared himself to be a citizen of the State of New York, and a resident of the Borough of Brooklyn, in the City of New York. Both the federal courts and the Treasury Department found that Frank Brushaber was a NONRESIDENT ALIEN, according to their own rules! The Secretary of the Treasury had no basis for extending T.D. 2313 to those who were not parties to the Brushaber case. Frank Brushaber did err in assuming that his defendant was a foreign corporation; the Union Pacific Railroad Company was a domestic corporation, because it was originally created by an Act of Congress. Conklin has neglected to mention T.D. 2313 anywhere in his published and private communications. The Three United States The Hooven case is standing authority for the fact that the term "United States" has three separate meanings, all different from each other. Federal courts had an excuse before this decision; but after Hooven, courts have no excuse for failing to specify which of these three meanings they intend, with each and every use of the term. This lack of specificity leads to uncertainty, which leads in turn to court decisions which are also void for vagueness. The 6th Amendment guarantees our right to ignore vague and ambiguous laws, and this must be extended to vague and ambiguous case law. Moreover, Hooven is also standing authority for the principle of territorial heterogeneity, an important theme in The Federal Zone which Conklin ignores almost completely. Similarly, Conklin has failed even to mention "The Insular Cases" or to deal with the obvious relevance of Downes vs Bidwell, namely, excise uniformity doesn't rule inside the federal zone; the majority rules inside the federal zone. Knowledge of the Book Conklin has not purchased The Federal Zone, and has yet to admit that he has even read the book. The failed ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment figures prominently in the book's main logic. Territorial heterogeneity is a theme which Conklin ignores almost completely. The "void for vagueness" doctrine affords all of us an opportunity to agree, on the vagueness at least. If the statute is clear, then why did Conklin fail to find the sections that make withholding agents liable? He had 12 years, and he still missed them. The Spreckels case ruled that "doubt is to be resolved in favor of those upon whom the tax is sought to be laid." Wigglesworth ruled that, in case of doubt, statutes levying taxes "are construed most strongly against the Government, and in favor of the citizen". The continuing debate on all sides is important empirical proof that the IRC should be nullified for vagueness. If the Supreme Court cannot be clear, then nobody can; and their titles are Justice. Page P - 38 of 98 Appendix P Unfavorable Case Law The existence of one or more apparently unfavorable cases does not invalidate The Federal Zone, particularly when those cases are predicated on rebuttable assumptions (like the 16th Amendment, or "clarity" in the statute, or arbitrary definitions of "income"). The book proves that chaos exists in the relevant federal cases: the Supreme Court has clearly contradicted itself when defining the effects of a ratified 16th Amendment. "The devil can quote scripture for his purpose," wrote William Shakespeare. With courts in conflict, one can cite authorities for either side of any such unresolved debates. The Prince of Darkness is also the Prince of Lies. Private Law There are many mysteries which are amazingly clarified by The Federal Zone, including the "private law" nature of the IRC. The IRC is a municipal statute for the federal zone. Congress is the sovereign municipal authority for the federal zone. If Congress had intended the IRC to apply to all 50 States, Title 26 would have need to be enacted into positive, "public" law. It was not. (For details, see Super Gun by Lori Jacques, pages 74-81.) Uniform Commercial Code The UCC is precisely on point, because federal tax returns are "foreign bills of exchange" which are subject to rules, regulations and case law which have built up around the UCC. The 50 States are "foreign" to each other, just as each is foreign to the federal zone (see In re Merriam). The UCC has explicit provisions for reserving the unalienable rights of those who enter such contracts, including but not limited to the right to due process and the immunity against self-incrimination. Moreover, the UCC has a guarantee that statutes must be construed in harmony with the Common Law. The U.S. Constitution is the last vestige of the Common Law at the federal level. The Smoking Gun The Federal Zone documents the "smoking gun" -- awesome proof that the vagueness, deception, confusion and jurisdictional ambiguities in Title 26 were intentional. Page P - 39 of 98 The Federal Zone: MEMO TO: John Voss, Director, N.C.B.A. other interested parties FROM: Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship DATE: June 9, 1992 SUBJECT: Do the regulations in 26 C.F.R. have the force and effect of law? The debate fostered by the claims on N.C.B.A.'s $50,000 Reward appears to have reached the following point of departure: Mr. Conklin has argued that Title 26 makes nobody liable for federal income taxes. This argument was defeated by reference to clear sections of Title 26 which make "withholding agents" liable for federal income taxes. I do not as yet know if Mr. Conklin is a withholding agent. In a private communication, Mr. Conklin has also argued that the regulations in 26 C.F.R. create no liability because "a regulation cannot exceed the limitations created by the statute." The purpose of the remainder of this memo is to cite some of the case law which is relevant to the questions of validity, and of the legal force and effect, of regulations promulgated by the Secretary of the Treasury. The attached abstracts from American Jurisprudence reveal a substantial body of case law which is not always entirely consistent on this question. For example: A regulation cannot supply omissions of the statute. [2 Am Jur 2d, Section 289] -but- A regulation which fulfills the purpose of the law cannot be said to be an addition to the law. [ibid., Section 300] The following are notable excerpts from the attached Am Jur sections that deal with the effect and validity of rules: Page P - 40 of 98 Appendix P Rules, regulations, and general orders enacted by administrative agencies pursuant to the powers delegated to them have the force and effect of law. [page 119] There have been applied to administrative regulations the principles that everyone is presumed to know the law or that ignorance of the law is no excuse, and the courts will take judicial notice of them. [page 120] ... [T]here is no violation of the Federal Constitution in an act of Congress which provides for a defense to an action under the statute based on good faith reliance upon any administrative regulation .... [page 120] Administrative regulations are held to be "laws" for various purposes, including jurisdiction of courts and criminal liability. If Congress imposes criminal sanctions for disobedience of regulations, it can hardly be contended that such regulations are not a "law" for the purposes of the Criminal Code. [page 121] Compliance with valid administrative regulations is compliance with law, as has been held where it was sought to induce actions contrary to the regulations or to impose liability for actions which accorded with regulations. [page 122] Valid administrative rules or regulations are generally regarded as legislative enactments, and have the same effect as if enacted by the legislature. They have the force of a statute and the same effect as if part of the original statute. They become integral parts of the statutes, particularly where they are legislative in nature -- that is, are called for by the statute itself. [page 122] While in the strict sense of the term an administrative regulation is not actually a "statute" but is at most an offspring of a statute, a regulation may be deemed to come within the term "statute." [page 123] ...[R]ules and regulations will be upheld where they are within the statutory authority of the agency and reasonable, ... they must be sustained unless unreasonable and plainly inconsistent with the statute. [page 123] Only when discretion has been arbitrarily exercised, resulting in injustice or unfairness, do the courts intervene to strike down a rule promulgated by the proper agency designed to give appropriate effect to the provisions of the act involved. [page 124] Administrative regulations which go beyond what the legislature can authorize are void and may be disregarded. [page 124] Page P - 41 of 98 The Federal Zone: Regulations which are legislative in character should not be overruled by the courts unless clearly contrary to the will of the legislature. [page 124] Thus there are applicable the rules in regard to presumption of validity and partial or entire invalidity; and, just as in individual cases hardship and loss may flow from legislative acts which are nevertheless valid, so administrative regulations may also operate. [page 125] Administrative rules and regulations, to be valid, must be within the authority conferred upon the administrative agency. A rule or regulation which is broader than the statute empowering the making of rules, or which oversteps the boundaries of interpretation of a statute by extending or restricting the statute contrary to its meaning, cannot be sustained. [page 127] They are valid and binding only when they are in furtherance of the intention of the legislature as evidenced by its acts, and a regulation, valid when promulgated, becomes invalid upon the enactment of a statute in conflict with the regulation. However, an administrative regulation will not be considered as having been impliedly annulled by a subsequent act of the legislature unless the two are irreconcilable, clearly repugnant, and so inconsistent that they cannot have concurrent operation. [page 127] Administrative regulations which go beyond what the legislature has authorized, which violate the statute, or which are inconsistent or out of harmony with the statute conferring the power, have been said to be void. [page 128] ... [A]dministrative regulations, to be valid, are required to be appropriate, reasonable, or not inconsistent with law. A rule or regulation which is within the broad rulemaking powers commonly conferred on administrative agencies will be sustained by the courts. [page 128] ... [A] regulation which fulfills the purpose of the law cannot be said to be an addition to the law. Before a rule or regulation may be declared void it must be definitely in excess of the scope of authority, or plainly or palpably inconsistent with law. [page 129] ... [A]n administrative agency may not create a criminal offense or any liability not sanctioned by the lawmaking authority, especially a liability for a tax or inspection fee. [page 129] ... [I]ssuance of regulations is in effect exercise of delegated legislative power. [page 770] Page P - 42 of 98 Appendix P Administrative Procedure Act ... and Federal Register Act ... set up procedure which must be followed in order for agency rulings to be given force of law. [page 770] Contents of Federal Register are judicially noticed and may be cited by volume and page number. [page 772] ... [F]ederal courts are required to take judicial notice of contents of Federal Register. [page 772] Code of Federal Regulations being nothing more than supplemental edition of Federal Register, court is entitled to take judicial notice of cited regulation in brief of prosecution[,] and conviction of defendant thereon is not precluded by government's failure to introduce such applicable section in evidence. [page 772] Court was required to take judicial notice of the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations. [page 772] In closing, the following excerpt from an unpublished treatise by attorney Lowell Becraft is extremely relevant to the force and effect of regulations: CONSTRUCTION OF REGULATIONS In 5 U.S.C., section 301, heads of Executive departments are given authority to make and publish regulations. It has been previously demonstrated how the current federal income tax laws in question today relate back to the 1916 income tax act. Section 15 of that act defined the terms "State" and "United States" in clear jurisdictional terms. All income tax acts passed by Congress have authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to promulgate regulations, which he has done since the first income tax act in 1913. All of the income tax regulations published since January 28, 1921, have defined the people subject to the tax as "citizens of the United States subject to its jurisdiction." Thus, this phrase has been a part of the regulations for some 67 years, and applied to the 1918, 1921, 1924, 1926, 1928, 1932, 1934, 1936 and 1938 acts, as well as the 1939 and 1954 Codes. The Secretary of the Treasury and the United States are firmly bound by these prior regulations as well as the current Treasury Regulation 1.1-1(c), which defined the subject of the current tax as a "citizen subject to its jurisdiction." A long line of Supreme Court cases holds that an executive department head such as the Secretary of the Treasury is bound by the regulations he so promulgates and publishes .... Page P - 43 of 98 The Federal Zone: And the Supreme Court has found that regulations consistently promulgated in the same language for repeatedly re-enacted laws are very significant. In Old Colony R. Co. v. Commission of Internal Revenue, 284 U.S. 552, 52 S.Ct. 211 (1932), the Supreme Court held that such regulations are given an implied legislative approval: "The repeated re-enactment of a statute without substantial change may amount to an implied legislative approval of a construction placed upon it by executive officers," 284 U.S., at 557 [emphasis added] This brings us to the following regulation; it mentions liability explicitly: In general, all citizens of the United States, wherever resident, and all resident alien individuals are liable to the income taxes imposed by the Code whether the income is received from sources within or without the United States. [26 C.F.R. 1.1-1(b)] # # # Page P - 44 of 98 Appendix P MEMO TO: John Voss, Director National Commodity and Barter Association FROM: Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship DATE: June 7, 1992 SUBJECT: Federal Income Tax Liability As distinct from the regulations published in 26 C.F.R., does the Internal Revenue Code itself specifically make anybody liable for federal income taxes? Answer: a "withholding agent" is specifically named as a "person" who is made liable for such a tax. The proof is found in the combination of Sections 1441 and 1461 of the IRC, as follows: Section 1441. Withholding of Tax on Nonresident Aliens. (a) General Rule. -- Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c), all persons, in whatever capacity acting ... having the control, receipt, custody, disposal, or payment of any of the items of income specified in subsection (b) (to the extent that any of such items constitutes gross income from sources within the United States), of any nonresident alien individual or of any foreign partnership shall ... deduct and withhold from such items a tax equal to 30 percent thereof, except that in the case of any item of income specified in the second sentence of subsection (b), the tax shall be equal to 14 percent of such item. Section 1461. Liability for Withheld Tax. Every person required to deduct and withhold any tax under this chapter is hereby made liable for such tax and is hereby indemnified against the claims and demands of any person for the amount of any payments made in accordance with the provisions of this chapter. [emphasis added] Therefore, if Bill Conklin is a withholding agent, then he is liable for the federal income tax on the amount he withholds. The question now becomes: Is Bill Conklin a withholding agent? Yes or No? It is impossible to answer this question from your $50,000 Reward advertisement, and I cannot tell from any of the written communications I have received from him to date. Page P - 45 of 98 The Federal Zone: Now, permit me to specify the conditions under which Bill Conklin would actually be liable for such a tax, by using a practical and realistic example. Let us say that Bill Conklin has a good friend named Sam who is an Air Force budget analyst. This friend is responsible for a government research budget, which provides grants for research in various areas of human resources. Sam is impressed with Bill Conklin's knowledge of the IRC. With Bill's consent, Sam agrees to hire Bill under contract to the Air Force to provide tax consulting to other Air Force budget analysts like Sam. When Bill gets this money, he calls his colleague Mitch to help him work on this project, and agrees to pay Mitch a flat rate of $60 per hour from the research grant. Mitch, by the way, is a nonresident alien, as confirmed by a recent formal affidavit served on the Secretary of the Treasury. Having accepted funds from the Air Force, Bill is thereby receiving money from a source that is "inside the United States". Rather than paying Mitch the full $60 per hour, the statute requires Bill to withhold 30 percent from Mitch's wages, per Section 1441 of the IRC. Moreover, Bill Conklin is the "person" who is liable for this tax, not Mitch. However, Mitch would be required to file a "return" on Form 1040NR, because he had "gross income" as defined in Section 872(a), to show that the tax had already been withheld and therefore paid. The tax is actually paid by the "person made liable", that is, Bill Conklin. Now, to elaborate this example just a little more, Bill hires two more people, both of whom declare themselves to be "United States citizens" and both of whom complete and sign a valid W-4 certificate. By law, Bill is also required to act as their "withholding agent", albeit at rates that are different from the flat 30 percent levied against the gross income of nonresident aliens. Graduated tax rates are applied to their taxable income. Once again, as their withholding agent, Bill is also liable for the amounts which he withheld from their pay, as authorized by W-4 certificates that were lawfully and validly executed. The tax is actually paid by the "person made liable", that is, Bill Conklin. Incidentally, the above Sections are listed in the IRC definition of "withholding agent", as follows: (16) Withholding Agent. -- The term "withholding agent" means any person required to deduct and withhold any tax under the provisions of section 1441, 1442, 1443, or 1461. [26 U.S.C. 7701(a)(16)] [emphasis added] Page P - 46 of 98 Appendix P John, maybe I should withdraw my original claim and submit another one for the full $50,000 amount. This is my formal notice to you that I have reserved my right to do so, even though and regardless of the fact that I have already filed one claim for $1 of this reward. As I write this, I must add that my colleague John C. Alden just now informed me that recent N.C.B.A. literature admits that withholding agents are specifically defined by statute to be liable for federal income taxes. For the record, I have not yet read your literature on this subject, and honestly heard about the literature for the first time from John C. Alden. Thank you very much for your consideration. Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship copies: John Pleasant Brett Brough other interested parties Page P - 47 of 98 The Federal Zone: MEMO TO: John C. Alden, M.D. FROM: Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship DATE: June 7, 1992 Let's combine two recent analyses into one: the "liability" question and The Matrix "chain" of logic. It is interesting that the only "person" actually made liable by the statute is a withholding agent. When you go to the sections listed in the definition of "withholding agent", the term "nonresident alien" is mentioned. When you go to the definition of "nonresident alien", the term is defined as "not a citizen" and "not a resident". The terms "citizen" and "resident" are entirely dependent on the meaning of "United States". The definition of "United States" is dependent on the meaning of "District of Columbia" and the "States". The definition of "States" is dependent on the meaning of the "District of Columbia" and "include". And so on. Notice how the thread from "liability" takes you right back down the same path already traversed in my original claim to the $50,000 reward. It's like a pile of spaghetti, only the strands merge. That is, "include" may be expansive, but it can only encompass territory over which the "United States" is sovereign. For purposes of acquiring citizenship at birth, a person is born subject to the jurisdiction of the "United States" if his birth occurs in territory over which the "United States" is sovereign (from Am Jur). We end up at the same place -- sovereignty -- which vaults us into the domain of the study entitled Jurisdiction over Federal Areas within the States (see Chapter 11 and also Becraft's excellent brief on jurisdiction). As you may already know, there is a large number of cases which define the res judicata of sovereignty. We are right where we want to be! Page P - 48 of 98 Appendix P MEMO TO: John C. Alden, M.D. FROM: Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship DATE: May 28, 1992 SUBJECT: Sovereignty and The Matrix I want to try some logic on you; it's an extension of the matrix logic discussed in The Federal Zone. Let's use the following schema, in order to develop a "chain" of logic: c a +---------+ R | Rc | Ra | R |----+----| N | Nc | Na | N +---------+ c a Use capital letters to identify one matrix dimension, and small letters to identify the other matrix dimension. Now, take an index card and cover up row 1 (the "Resident" row). This leaves only row 2 (the "Nonresident" row), columns 1 and 2. If you are a "Nonresident", then it is important to know whether you are a "citizen" or not. If you are a "citizen", then you are an "Nc" and you pay tax on your worldwide "income". If you are not a "citizen", then you are an "alien" and you are an "Na". The definition of "citizen" is therefore pivotal. Now, move the index card so it covers only column 2 (the "alien" column). Whether you are a "Resident" citizen ("Rc") or a "Nonresident" citizen ("Nc"), you are still a "citizen" and you pay tax on your worldwide "income" regardless of where you "Reside". The definition of "citizen" is again pivotal. Once again, move the index card so it covers only row 2 (the "Nonresident" row). Whether you are a Resident "citizen" ("Rc") or a Resident "alien" ("Ra"), you are still a "Resident" and you pay tax on your worldwide "income" regardless of your status. Now the definition of "Resident" becomes pivotal. Finally, move the index card so it covers only column 1 (the "citizen" column). If you are an "alien", then it is important to know whether you are a "Resident" or not. If you are a "Resident", then you are an "Ra" and you pay tax on your worldwide "income". If you are not a Resident, then you are an "Na". The definition of "Resident" is again pivotal. Page P - 49 of 98 The Federal Zone: We deduce from the above that the definitions of "citizen" and "Resident" are both pivotal. Are these two definitions related in any way? Yes, they both refer to the same thing, namely, the "United States". If you are not a "citizen" of the "United States", then you are an alien with respect to the "United States". If you are not a "Resident" of the "United States", then you are a Nonresident with respect to the "United States". The definitions of "citizen" and "Resident" thus pivot around the same term: "United States". Although Becraft's essay does an excellent job of describing the jurisdiction of the "United States", it lacks the necessary rigor to define precisely the status of its "citizens". As a result, his discussion of tax "subjects" is vague and confusing (e.g., "aliens here, citizens abroad"). This is surprising, since our logic proves that the terms "citizen" and "Resident" both pivot around the meaning of "United States", the jurisdiction of which Becraft appears to understand quite well, but the citizens of which Becraft appears to misunderstand. His confusion might have been eliminated by better research into the exact definition of "citizen". Compare his discussion of tax "subjects" with the key we have found in American Jurisprudence: "A person is born subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, for purposes of acquiring citizenship at birth, if his birth occurs in territory over which the United States is sovereign ...." I keep coming back to this statement, because it is so clear and unequivocal. It's too bad that Becraft didn't quote this definition and incorporate it into his treatise. A "citizen of the United States" is a person who was either born or naturalized in the "United States" and is also subject to its jurisdiction. Thus, you are a "citizen of the United States" if you were born in the "United States" and you are subject to its jurisdiction. You are also a "citizen of the United States" if you were naturalized in the "United States" and you are subject to its jurisdiction. Pure logic allows for the following two permutations: (1) you were born in the "United States" but you are not now subject to its jurisdiction and (2) you were naturalized in the "United States" but you are not now subject to its jurisdiction. "Expatriation" is the legal way of accounting for these two permutations. There are three official definitions of "United States", only two of which are singular nouns (the nation and the federal zone). Using grammatical rules, the term "its jurisdiction" can only apply to the nation or to the federal zone, but not to the 50 States (because the 50 States are plural). So, we have to choose between the nation and the federal zone, and the best way Page P - 50 of 98 Appendix P to do so is to understand the meaning of "sovereign" as used above. The terms "citizen" and "Resident" pivot around the meaning of "United States", and the term "United States" pivots around the meaning of "sovereign". Clearly, that territory over which the "United States" is sovereign becomes logically and absolutely fundamental to the whole discussion. Having come this far, the door is now open to Becraft's excellent treatise on jurisdiction, and to the myriad of cases which define the territory over which the "United States" is sovereign. The cases all demonstrate that this territory does NOT include the 50 States. (I am not aware of a single case which found otherwise.) Therefore, the term "United States" is NOT the nation in this context, because the 50 States belong, without question, to the nation. The logic is not only correct; it also conforms to the intent of the Constitution. # # # Page P - 51 of 98 The Federal Zone: c/o USPS P. O. Box 6189 San Rafael, California Postal Code 94903-0189/TDC May 18, 1992 Charles L. Harrison Corresponding Secretary Monetary Realist Society P. O. Box 31044 St. Louis, Missouri Postal Code 63131/TDC Dear Charles: I am writing in response to a statement that is made in your bulletin for April 1992 in the article entitled "He Didn't Do It; I Saw Him with My Own Eyes!". This article makes the following statement: "... the XVIth Amendment was never properly ratified by the states, and thus, there IS no income tax!" This statement is incorrect because it is a non sequitor. Enclosed please find a collection of essays which examine this notion in depth. With all due respect to authors Benson and Beckman, and to the leaders of Patriot groups around the country, this assertion is not only misleading, but also the cause of much unnecessary confusion among the membership, and would-be membership, of these groups. I believe that, if you take the time to review the logic in the enclosed papers, you will come to see why there can be an income tax without the 16th Amendment. In "The Insular Cases" that were decided at the turn of the century, 12 years prior to the so-called 16th Amendment, the Supreme Court gave its blessing to a doctrine which I have called "territorial heterogeneity" in my recent book entitled The Federal Zone. In exercising its exclusive authority over the federal zone, Congress is not subject to the same constitutional limitations that exist inside the 50 states. Specifically, Congress is not required to apportion direct taxes levied inside the federal zone, with or without a 16th Amendment. For reasons like this, the areas that are inside and outside the federal zone are heterogeneous with respect to each other. This difference results in a principle of territorial heterogeneity: the areas within (or inside) the federal zone are subject to one set of rules; the areas without (or outside) the federal zone are subject to a different set of rules. The Constitution rules outside the zone and inside the 50 States. The Congress rules inside the zone and outside the 50 States. The 50 States are, therefore, in one general class, because all constitutional restraints upon Congress are in force throughout the 50 States, without prejudice to any one State. Page P - 52 of 98 Appendix P The areas within the federal zone are in a different general class, because these same constitutional restraints simply do not limit Congress inside that zone. This principle of territorial heterogeneity is documented in detail in Chapters 12 and 13 of The Federal Zone: Cracking the Code of Internal Revenue. It stems from our pivotal finding that Title 26 is a "municipal statute", the territorial extent of which is the federal zone. Congress is the "City Hall" for the federal zone. Now, there certainly are a host of reasons to believe that a failed 16th Amendment nullifies the federal income tax. Among these reasons are statements in the Federal Register by Commissioners of Internal Revenue, and other written communications which have issued from the Internal Revenue Service over the years, that the 16th Amendment is the federal government's general authority to tax the incomes of individuals and corporations. If you are building a reliance defense, the Federal Register statements are certainly a good place to start, because of the legal status extended to notices that are published therein. Nevertheless, given the huge mass of evidence which seriously impugns its ratification, in the face of which Congress has now fallen silent, the act of declaring the 16th Amendment ratified was an act of outright fraud by Secretary of State Philander C. Knox in the year 1913. Therefore, it is not surprising that succeeding officials in the federal government, like Donald C. Alexander in the year 1974, might also be victims of this fraud, because the work of Benson and Beckman was not published until the year 1985. It is entirely possible that IRS officials were acting in good faith when they told America, for so many years, that the 16th Amendment was their required authority. That's how sinister Knox's fraud actually was. However, a failed 16th Amendment does not mean that Congress now has no authority whatsoever to levy direct taxes on incomes, particularly when those incomes derive from sources that are situated inside territory over which Congress has exclusive legislative jurisdiction, i.e., the federal zone. I sincerely hope that this letter, and the enclosed materials, do provide you with a satisfactory clarification of the 16th Amendment and the real constitutional implications of its failure to be ratified. Thank you for your consideration. Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship enclosures Page P - 53 of 98 The Federal Zone: Memo TO: Friends, Neighbors, Colleagues and all interested people FROM: Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship DATE: April 8, 1992 SUBJECT: The "Key" In the course of doing further research for the next edition of The Federal Zone, I was directed by the work of author Lori Jacques to investigate the reference work American Jurisprudence. I was delighted to find a definition which provides the "key" we have all been looking for. This key provides yet more dramatic support for the major jurisdictional thesis of The Federal Zone, namely, that the Internal Revenue Code is a municipal statute and "citizens of the United States" are those who are born or naturalized into this municipal jurisdiction. Congress is the "City Hall" for the federal zone. Read the following very carefully: Sec. 1420. -- Who is born in United States and subject to United States jurisdiction A person is born subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, for purposes of acquiring citizenship at birth, if his birth occurs in territory over which the United States is sovereign, even though another country provides all governmental services within the territory and the territory is subsequently ceded to the other country. [!!!] [3A Am Jur 2d, page 1419] Note that the term "United States" is used in its singular sense, that is, "... territory over which the United States is sovereign". This is crucial evidence to support my argument that the term "United States", as used in Title 26, refers to the second of three official definitions of that term by the U.S. Supreme Court. Note, in particular, the pivotal word "sovereign", which controls the entire meaning of this passage. The federal zone is the area over which Congress is sovereign; it does not include the 50 States because Congress is not sovereign over the 50 States. Chapter 11 in The Federal Zone is dedicated to discussing sovereignty in depth. My thesis is bolstered even further by the qualifying phrase "... even though ... the territory is subsequently ceded to the other country." Governmental sovereignty over any territory is relinquished when that territory is ceded to another country, but not before. (See Chapter 11 for details.) An area of land joins the federal zone if and only if one of the 50 States cedes that land to Congress. Page P - 54 of 98 Appendix P Now refer to the definition of "citizen of the United States" as published in the Code of Federal Regulations for Title 26, the Internal Revenue Code: (c) Who is a citizen. Every person born or naturalized in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction is a citizen. [26 CFR 1.1-1(c)] [emphasis added] Notice the singular sense of "its jurisdiction" in this regulation. If a person is naturalized in the "United States", he is automatically "subject to its jurisdiction", because the Constitution authorizes Congress to legislate rules for immigration and naturalization. On the other hand, a person is born "subject to its jurisdiction" if his birth occurs in territory over which the "United States" is sovereign. Therefore, a person is born subject to the jurisdiction of the "United States" if his birth occurs inside the federal zone. Notice also that the letter "c" in "citizen" is in lower case. This is the case that is used in the word "citizen" throughout the Internal Revenue Code and throughout the regulations. Those who argue against the upper/lower case distinction are overlooking this remarkable consistency, spanning more than 8,000 pages of law and regulations. Such amazing consistency could never have happened by accident; the odds against such an accident are astronomical. We must discount all references to "Citizen" in the first word of any sentence, because English grammar requires that it be capitalized in that position. The other occurrences of "Citizen" are found in the first word of heading phrases, for example: (b) Citizens or residents of the United States liable to tax. [26 CFR 1.1-1(b)] Whatever ambiguity this usage may create is totally eliminated by the statutory definition of "United States" in Title 26. It is now conclusive that the term "United States", as defined in Title 26, is the federal zone. The above citation from American Jurisprudence is the key we have all been looking for: it is succinct, unequivocal, and razor sharp. It is the key which unlocks the chains that bind our freedom, the chains which now belong on the Congress of [belonging to] the united States of America. Account for Better Citizenship c/o USPS Post Office Box 6189 San Rafael, California Republic Page P - 55 of 98 The Federal Zone: c/o USPS P. O. Box 6189 San Rafael, California Postal Code 94903-0189/TDC April 7, 1992 Free State Constitutionists P. O. Box 3281 Baltimore, Maryland Postal Code 21228/TDC Dear Free State Constitutionists: I have recently received from you a document entitled: WE CHALLENGE ANYONE TO DISPROVE THESE FACTS ABOUT INCOME TAX LAW I hereby accept this challenge, in good faith and with a sincere intent to get to the bottom of this mess we call federal income taxation. A document very similar to yours has been disseminated by the Save-A-Patriot Fellowship for some years. Your document is erroneous because it is based on obsolete technology and an evident failure to penetrate the intentional deceptions which are built into the Internal Revenue Code and its regulations. See enclosed documents. For example, your Fact #1 states: RESIDENTS OF THE STATES OF THE UNION ARE NOT REQUIRED BY LAW TO FILE FORMS 1040 AND THEY ARE NOT LIABLE FOR THE PAYMENT OF A TAX ON "INCOME" UNLESS THEY ARE WITHHOLDING AGENTS. This statement is erroneous because all "U.S. citizens" are liable for federal taxes on their worldwide income, regardless of where they "reside" and even if they are "residents of the States". I assume by "States" you mean the 50 States of the Union. See 26 CFR 1.1-1 et seq. Congress has the power to delegate to the Secretary of the Treasury the authority to issue regulations which have the force and effect of law. Therefore, it is somewhat misleading to argue that the statute does not contain this or that specific provision when the regulations do. Moreover, if a "resident of the States" should receive dividends from stocks and/or interest from bonds issued by "domestic" corporations, the income derived therefrom would be included in the quantity "gross income" as defined at 26 U.S.C. 872(a). The payor of the dividends or interest is the "withholding" agent, not the recipient. This is explained clearly in Treasury Decision 2313. Frank Brushaber declared himself a citizen of the State of New York, and a resident of the Borough of Brooklyn, in the city of New York. As such, T.D. 2313 designated him a nonresident alien. Any other allegations about his citizenship and residence assume facts that were not in evidence. Page P - 56 of 98 Appendix P For your information, I have enclosed a number of other letters, and a memorandum to individuals at the Save-A-Patriot Fellowship. I have heard nothing from them in response to my memorandum. I have also enclosed an order form for my recently published book entitled The Federal Zone: Cracking the Code of Internal Revenue. The following succinct statement is directly over the target (which explains to me why we are getting so much flak about our understanding of the statute and its regulations): 3A Am Jur 1420, Aliens and Citizens, explains: "A Person is born subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, for purposes of acquiring citizenship at birth, if his birth occurs in territory over which the United States is sovereign ..." [quoted in A Ticket to Liberty, November 1990, page 32] This statement, in and of itself, has enough power to unlock the entire puzzle of federal income taxation. When you understand sovereignty as it applies to federal and State jurisdiction, you will own the key. And then you can share this key with others. You would expect the government to create a flood of propaganda and other diversions in order to distract everyone from the core of their deception. This core is found in the statutory definitions of "State" and "United States". The constitutional authority for Title 26 is 1:8:17 and 4:3:2. The Supreme Court gave its blessing to a legislative democracy inside the federal zone in the case of Downes vs Bidwell (see enclosed). Accordingly, within the federal zone, Congress is not restrained by the apportionment rule for direct taxes, nor by the uniformity rule for indirect taxes. The "majority" rules inside the federal zone, not the constitution. Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship enclosures Page P - 57 of 98 The Federal Zone: c/o USPS P. O. Box 6189 San Rafael, California Postal Code 94903-0189/TDC March 27, 1992 Bill Conklin N.C.B.A. 8000 E. Girard Avenue, Suite 215 Denver, Colorado Postal Code 80231/TDC Dear Bill: This is my sincere attempt to claim the $50,000 Reward which you have recently publicized in newspapers around the country. Before I detail my claim, I wish to express my solemn intent to rebate $49,999 back to the N.C.B.A., in the event that I earn the reward. Thus, you will owe me $1.00 if I win, and I will gladly pay you $1.00 if I lose. By the way, who are the judges in this contest? Are they unbiased? Are they federal? 1. What statute makes Bill Conklin liable to pay an income tax? Before I can address this question, I need to know your answers to the following two questions: (a) Are you a "citizen of the United States"? (b) Are you a "resident of the United States"? If your answer to either of these questions is YES, then you are liable for federal taxes on the income which you derive from worldwide sources, as follows: In general, all citizens of the United States, wherever resident, and all resident alien individuals are liable to the income taxes imposed by the Code whether the income is received from sources within or without the United States. ... As to tax on nonresident alien individuals, see sections 871 and 877. [26 CFR 1.1-1(b)] If you have any question as to the meaning of the term "citizen of the United States", then base your answer on the following definition: Every person born or naturalized in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction is a citizen. [26 CFR 1.1-1(c)] Page P - 58 of 98 Appendix P If you are not a "citizen of the United States", then you are an alien with respect to the "United States". If you have any question as to the meaning of "resident alien", then base your answer on the following definition: Definition of Resident Alien and Nonresident Alien. -- (1) In General. -- For purposes of this title (other than subtitle B) -- (A) Resident Alien. -- An alien individual shall be treated as a resident of the United States with respect to any calendar year if (and only if) such individual meets the requirements of clause (i), (ii), or (iii): (i) Lawfully Admitted for Permanent Residence. -- Such individual is a lawful permanent resident of the United States at any time during such calendar year. (ii) Substantial Presence Test. -- Such individual makes the election provided in paragraph (3). (iii) First Year Election. -- Such individual makes the election provided in paragraph (4). [26 USC 7701(b), emphasis added] If you are not resident, then you are nonresident. Accordingly, if you are not a "citizen of the United States" and you are not a "resident of the United States", then you are a "nonresident alien" by definition: (B) Nonresident Alien. -- An individual is a nonresident alien if such individual is neither a citizen of the United States nor a resident of the United States (within the meaning of subparagraph (A)). [see above] [26 USC 7701(b), emphasis added] If you are a nonresident alien as defined, then you are liable for federal taxes on your "gross income" as defined: Page P - 59 of 98 The Federal Zone: (a) General Rule. -- In the case of a nonresident alien individual, except where the context clearly indicates otherwise, gross income includes only -- (1) gross income which is derived from sources within the United States and which is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, and (2) gross income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States. [26 USC 872(a)] If you are unclear what is meant by the term "United States", you may utilize the general definition found in the Internal Revenue Code, as follows: (9) United States. -- The term "United States" when used in a geographical sense includes only the States and the District of Columbia. [26 USC 7701(a)(9)] If you are unclear what is meant by the term "States" in this definition of "United States", you may utilize the definition found in the Internal Revenue Code, as follows: (10) The term "State" shall be construed to include the District of Columbia, where such construction is necessary to carry out provisions of this title. If you are unclear about the operative meaning of the term "include" in the above definition of "State", you may utilize the following clarification of the terms "includes" and "including", as follows: (c) Includes and Including. -- The terms "includes" and "including" when used in a definition contained in this title shall not be deemed to exclude other things otherwise within the meaning of the term defined. [26 USC 7701(c)] You will note that the term "include" is not mentioned in the definition of "includes" and "including" at 7701(c). However, words importing the plural include and apply to the singular form of those words: Page P - 60 of 98 Appendix P Section 1. Words denoting number, gender, and so forth. In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, unless the context indicates otherwise -- words importing the singular include and apply to several persons, parties or things; words importing the plural include the singular; [1 USC 1] Thus, the definition of "State" also applies to the meaning of "States", and the definition of "includes" also applies to "include". The phrase "It includes ..." is singular in syntax; the phrase "they include ..." is plural in syntax. Thus, the term "include" when used in Title 26 shall be deemed to include other things otherwise within the meaning of the term defined. Therefore, the meaning of "State" is not restricted to the District of Columbia. To determine what other things are otherwise within the meaning of the term defined, see the following: (g) United States. The term "United States" when used in a geographical sense includes any territory under the sovereignty of the United States. It includes the states, the District of Columbia, the possessions and territories of the United States, the air space over the United States, and the seabed and subsoil of those submarine areas which are adjacent to the territorial waters of the United States and over which the United States has exclusive rights, in accordance with international law, with respect to the exploration and exploitation of natural resources. [26 CFR 1.911-2(g)] Thus, based upon the preceding, you may define the "United States" to consist only of the following constituent components: (1) District of Columbia ......................... Federal State (2) Commonwealth of Puerto Rico .................. Federal State (3) Virgin Islands ............................... Federal State (4) Guam ......................................... Federal State (5) American Samoa ............................... Federal State (6) Northern Mariana Islands ................ Federal Possession (7) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands .. Federal Possession Inclusive of the aforementioned Federal States and Federal Possessions, "exclusive federal jurisdiction" also extends over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of one of the Fifty States, in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings. [see 1:8:17 and 4:3:2 in U.S. Constitution] Page P - 61 of 98 The Federal Zone: Therefore, you may, as I have done, define the territory under the sovereignty of the "United States" to consist of the District of Columbia, the federal territories and possessions, and the enclaves ceded to Congress by acts of State Legislatures (such as military bases and the like). I have coined the term "Federal Zone" to refer to all territory which is under the sovereignty of the "United States". This interpretation conforms to the second of three Supreme Court definitions of the term "United States", as follows: The term "United States" may be used in any one of several senses. It may be merely the name of a sovereign occupying the position analogous to that of other sovereigns in the family of nations. It may designate the territory over which the sovereignty of the United States extends, or it may be the collective name of the states which are united by and under the Constitution. [Hooven & Allison Co. vs Evatt, 324 U.S. 652] [emphasis added] To summarize, you are liable for federal taxes on income derived from worldwide sources if you are either a "citizen of the United States" or a "resident of the United States" as those terms are defined above. If you are neither, then you are a nonresident alien and, as such, you are liable for federal taxes on all income which is derived from sources within the United States (as defined above), and on all income which is effectively connected with the conduct of any "United States" trade or business. For example, if you are employed by the federal government, your pay comes from a source inside the United States (as defined). Similarly, if you receive dividends from bonds issued by the federal government, or by corporations chartered in the District of Columbia (i.e., "domestic" corporations), this "income" derives from a source that is within the United States (as defined) and it is taxable. See Treasury Decision 2313 for a clarification of the taxability of bond interest and stock dividends issued by domestic corporations to nonresident aliens. If you are unclear as to the meaning of the term "income", please understand that the Supreme Court has instructed Congress it cannot by any definition it may adopt conclude the matter (of defining income), because Congress cannot by legislation alter the Constitution, from which alone it derives its power to legislate, and within whose limitations alone that power can be lawfully exercised. Even though the 16th Amendment was never ratified and the word "income" is not found in the Constitution, Congress has continued to obey this prohibition. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court has issued numerous official definitions of the term "income", perhaps the most famous of which is the decision which issued this prohibition, namely, Eisner vs Macomber, 252 U.S. 189. The Supreme Court has had to define "income" so many Page P - 62 of 98 Appendix P times, it decided that the definition was finally settled in Merchant's Loan & Trust vs Smietanka, 255 U.S. 509. Finally, the 16th Amendment is not the constitutional authority for Title 26. That authority issues from 1:8:17 and 4:3:2 in the U.S. Constitution. Title 26 is a "municipal" statute which is not affected by either the apportionment rule or the uniformity rule in the Constitution. Think of Congress as "City Hall" for the federal zone. Congress has exclusive legislative authority within the federal zone (see Downes vs Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244, which is discussed in the attached memorandum to staff members of the Save-A-Patriot Fellowship). The operant "rule" that applies to Title 26 is majority rule. If you want to change Title 26, then change the composition of the Senate and House of Representatives. 2. How can Bill Conklin file a tax return without waiving his Fifth Amendment protected Rights? Sign your name with the following phrase above your signature: with explicit reservation of all my unalienable rights and without prejudice to any of my unalienable rights UCC 1-207 In order to inform the world as to the meaning of this phrase, you may opt to attach an explanation like the following: My use of the phrase "WITH EXPLICIT RESERVATION OF ALL MY RIGHTS AND WITHOUT PREJUDICE UCC 1-207" above my signature on this document indicates: that I explicitly reject any and all benefits of the Uniform Commercial Code, absent a valid commercial agreement which is in force and to which I am a party, and cite its provisions herein only to serve notice upon ALL agencies of government, whether international, national, state, or local, that they, and not I, are subject to, and bound by, all of its provisions, whether cited herein or not; that my explicit reservation of rights has served notice upon ALL agencies of government of the "Remedy" they must provide for me under Article 1, Section 207 of the Uniform Commercial Code, whereby I have explicitly reserved my Common Law right not to be compelled to perform under any contract or commercial agreement, that I have not entered into knowingly, voluntarily, and intentionally; that my explicit reservation of rights has served notice upon ALL agencies of government that they are ALL limited to proceeding against me only in harmony with the Common Law and that I do not, and will not accept the liability associated with the "compelled" benefit of any unrevealed commercial agreements; and that my valid reservation of rights has preserved all my rights and prevented the loss of any such rights by application of the concepts of waiver or estoppel. Page P - 63 of 98 The Federal Zone: Put simply, if you are signing a tax return, you are entering a commercial agreement with the "United States". Government officials are bound by the Uniform Commercial Code to preserve your rights unless you waive any of them with knowingly intelligent acts, done with sufficient awareness of the relevant circumstances and consequences (see Brady vs U.S., 397 U.S. 742, 748 (1970)). This places government officials on notice that they must disclose in advance all terms and conditions attached to that commercial agreement. Your explicit reservation of rights prevents the loss of any of your rights, including your Fifth Amendment protected right against self-incrimination, by application of the concepts of waiver or estoppel. Finally, per 28 USC 1746, if you are a nonresident alien, you should modify the perjury jurat on all IRS forms by indicating that you are making your affirmation "without the United States, under the laws of the United States of America". I have attached the operative statute, for your information. Note also the Form 1040X and 1040NR instructions for foreign addresses. If you do not follow these instructions, the "United States" is entitled to presume that you have a "domestic" address and that you are, therefore, "resident" in the "United States" as defined. If you have any questions about the above, and/or you wish additional clarification, please don't hesitate to contact me in writing at the above address. Copies of The Federal Zone: Cracking the Code of Internal Revenue have already been forwarded to John Voss, Sharon Voss, and Brett Brough. Much additional clarification of my answers in this letter can be found in that book. Thank you very much for your interest in Title 26. Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship enclosures copies: John Voss John Pleasant Brett Brough Page P - 64 of 98 Appendix P c/o USPS P. O. Box 6189 San Rafael, California Postal Code 94903-0189/TDC March 29, 1992 The Sovereign Advisor Common-Law Service Center HQ 3rd Judicial District 564 La Sierra Drive, Suite 187 Sacramento, California Republic Dear Sovereign Advisor: I was very happy to receive a complimentary copy of The Sovereign Advisor recently from a friend and colleague in the freedom movement. Please accept my qualified praise for your first edition, the December Issue "91". I am writing to share with you some of the many thoughts which occurred to me as I was reading this first issue. First of all, I am alarmed by what I consider to be a glaring contradiction which is evident in your newsletter. On page 2 in the article entitled "5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Liftoff!", you state: There are several groups out there that are deliberately trying to keep you within the system by claiming you are an American Citizen, this is a false and misleading term. ... Now if you are or claim to be an American Citizen and you are located within any one of the states of the union you are a federal citizen, subject to the municipal laws of the district of columbia [sic]. On page 6, in the article entitled "Is the United States Guilty of Genocide?", you state: The State of California was required to have its own Citizens, who were first, State Citizens, then as a consequence of State Citizenship were American Citizens, known as Citizens of the United States, (Capitol [sic] "C") there were [sic] no specific class as this, but for traveling and protection by the United States government while out of the country, they were generally called Citizens of the United States. (capital "C") It is difficult enough to identify oneself with the freedom movement in the United States of America without also having to reconcile the positions of various organizations which contradict each other. It is entirely impossible to reconcile those sections of your newsletter which flatly contradict each other. Page P - 65 of 98 The Federal Zone: Second, the former paragraph quoted above states that there are several groups "out there" that are deliberately trying to keep us within the system by claiming that we are American Citizens. I strongly object to this statement, for several reasons. Your statement implies that you are privy to the motivations of individuals and groups who make this claim, when you are not. Unless people have actually revealed their motivations to you, I don't see how you can be so privy to those motivations. Such a statement in your newsletter suggests a desire on your part to convince readers that you have all the answers, and that others in the freedom movement do not. This sounds more like crass commercial advertising than serious legal scholarship, and it does serious damage to your overall credibility. I, for one, have been known to utilize the term "American Citizen" and I have not done so with the purpose of keeping myself and others "within the system" as you put it. If I am not an American, then I do not know what I am. I have also distributed a great deal of written materials, among them an affidavit of revocation, which utilizes the term "American Citizen" by defining it clearly to mean a "free sovereign natural born Citizen per 2:1:5 in the U.S. Constitution". I would certainly hope that you would have the courtesy to extend your respect to any of us who take the time to define our terms with care, and not accuse us of trying to keep people "in the system", even though our choice of definitions may not agree with yours. Since our nation has been known as the United States of America at least since the U.S. Constitution was ratified, your definition of "American Citizens" as federal citizens is misleading and confusing. There is a popular, colloquial sense in which we are ALL Americans. I would hesitate to recommend that any Americans stop using that term to identify themselves, particularly when The Sovereign Advisor obviously cannot make up its own mind about the meaning of "American Citizens". Elsewhere in your newsletter, you state: An American Citizen is an Indian who leaves the reservation; a U.S. Citizen residing outside the District of Columbia in one of the federal judicial districts; an alien residing in one of the several states; a State Citizen residing outside of the several states of the union. In this statement, did you mean to say that an American Citizen is a "U.S. Citizen" or a "U.S. citizen"? Your use of the phrase "residing outside the District of Columbia" is also confusing. The distinction that is made between the terms "resident" and "nonresident" at 26 U.S.C. 7701(b)(1) suggests that one can be either a "U.S. Citizen" or a "U.S. citizen", regardless of whether one is a "resident" in the District of Columbia or not. One attribute is a birth status; the other attribute is a location status. Note, in particular, your own citation of Cook Page P - 66 of 98 Appendix P vs Tait, which stated that "citizens of the United States wherever they are resident" are subject to the income tax, which is based upon citizenship of the United States. The phrase "wherever they are resident" is very revealing in this context. Title 26, Section 7701(b)(1)(B) makes it very clear that one is an "alien" with respect to the "United States" if and only if one is not a "citizen of the United States". You have used the term "alien" without defining it, and without proper citations in case law. (See Treasury Decision 2313.) The definition found in Title 26 makes it very clear that one is an alien if and only if one is not a "citizen of the United States". Therefore, the term "alien" as defined encompasses all of the following: State Citizens, Citizens of foreign countries like France, and beings from other planets. Very simply, you are an "alien" if you are not a "citizen", and you are a "nonresident" if you are not a resident (see 26 U.S.C. 7701(b)(1)(A)-(B)). Allow me to offer the following clarifications. I define an "American Citizen" to mean a sovereign State Citizen. (You are free to disagree with this definition, but bear with me for the moment, please.) As such, a sovereign State Citizen is identifiable by the term "U.S. Citizen", which is an abbreviated way of saying "Citizen of the United States of America", or "Citizen of one of the 50 States of the Union". The term "United States" in this context means the 50 States of the Union, united by the Constitution. A sovereign State Citizen is not a "citizen of the United States" (which is another way of saying "U.S. citizen") because the "United States" in this context means the subjects and jurisdiction over which Congress has exclusive legislative authority. In order to solve a very large number of terminology problems, I refer to this jurisdiction as "The Federal Zone", namely, the areas of land over which the Congress has exclusive legislative authority. These areas of land consist of the District of Columbia, the federal territories and possessions, and all federal enclaves ceded to Congress by acts of the State Legislatures. The authority to have exclusive jurisdiction over these areas of land issues from 1:8:17 and 4:3:2 in the U.S. Constitution. You may choose to disagree with this interpretation of the term "exclusive", but in doing so you are disagreeing with the Supreme Court of the United States (see Downes vs Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 (1901)). The authority for Title 26 is not the so-called 16th Amendment, despite statements to that effect which have been published in the Federal Register by former Commissioners of Internal Revenue. Accordingly, an "alien residing in one of the several states" is a "nonresident alien" with respect to the "United States" as defined in Title 26, that is, with respect to The Federal Zone, if he was born in one of the 50 States. An "alien residing in one of the several states" is a "resident alien" with respect to the "United States" as defined by Title 26, i.e., with Page P - 67 of 98 The Federal Zone: respect to The Federal Zone, if he was born in a foreign country like France and he was lawfully admitted for permanent residence. Notice the phrase "lawfully admitted for permanent residence". Birth status and location status create four different cases: resident citizen, nonresident citizen, resident alien, and nonresident alien. Congress has jurisdiction over immigration and naturalization; Congress does not have jurisdiction over sovereign State Citizens, because They created the Constitution, and the Constitution created Congress. I presume that you are using the term "several states" to mean the 50 States, even though you have not capitalized the word "states". I prefer to use the lower-case "states" to refer to federal territories and possessions and upper-case "States" to refer to the 50 Sovereign Members of the Union. The phrase "State Citizen residing outside of the several states of the union" is also ambiguous, because it does not identify whether this "State Citizen" is residing inside The Federal Zone, or inside a foreign country like France. It makes a difference. If this "State Citizen" resides inside The Federal Zone, then he is a "resident alien" by definition (see substantial presence test at 7701(b)(1)(A)). If he resides inside a foreign country like France, then he is a "nonresident alien" with respect to The Federal Zone, but he is still a "Citizen of the United States of America" and, as such, Congress does have jurisdiction over him as long as he resides therein. He could request the protection of the U.S. State Department, for example, by seeking help from an American embassy, and his status as a "Citizen of the United States of America" would entitle him to that protection. Finally, I am very concerned about the poor state of grammar, spelling and punctuation in your newsletter. Any organization which claims to know a technical subject like law, and which claims to know it well enough to publicize a newsletter on a specialized aspect of law, should be willing to embrace the minimum standard for language accuracy. You have made a big issue of upper and lower case letters, then you refer to the seat of government and "the municipal laws of the district of columbia". When the District of Columbia is obviously at issue here, you should know better than to refer to the first letter in "Citizen" as "Capitol C", when the correct term is "capital C". Then you refer to "capital C" immediately after referring to "Capitol C". (Is it possible that your staff is infiltrated?) The Congress conducts its business in the "Capitol" building; upper case letters are referred to as "capital" letters. If you are attempting to write in an expository style, then do everything to insure that your exposition is clear, unequivocal and precise. Otherwise, you run the risk that a competing group will criticize you for being motivated by an intent to equivocate in your newsletter, when you are not so motivated (as far as I can tell). Page P - 68 of 98 Appendix P Please accept these criticisms in the constructive spirit in which they are made. The issues which you have raised in your newsletter are just too terribly important to risk any loss of credibility through contradictions and substandard English. Our language is rich and powerful enough to accommodate the most exacting requirements of any discipline. Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship Page P - 69 of 98 The Federal Zone: c/o USPS P. O. Box 6189 San Rafael, California Postal Code 94903-0189/TDC March 17, 1992 Louis Watson International Tax Technology 16776 Bernardo Center Drive, #203 San Diego, California Republic Postal Code 92128/TDC Dear Lou: Thank you for the time and energy that went into your presentation in Sparks, Nevada last Friday evening. I have been debating whether or not to write you about my experience there. Since I am still thinking about it, now four days later, I am taking the chance that you will read this letter with an open mind and an honest interest in what I have to say. Please bear in mind that, at least twice during your lecture, you invited the audience to challenge anything you were saying. Unfortunately for me, when I took you up on your offer, your response was anything but receptive. In fact, after my first question, your volume increased dramatically and your tone of voice became defensive and harsh. It is for this reason that I feel I am taking a chance that you may not read this letter with an open mind and an honest interest in what I have to say. Let me begin with a somewhat technical point which, as it turns out, is representative of the many problems we all experience with Title 26. As you already know, the word "include" and its several variations are utilized in many key definitions within the IRC. After much research and writing on the subject, I personally believe that it begs the question to make our point with a partial quotation from Black's Law Dictionary. If it does anything, such a partial reading exposes our own biases, more than anything else. Fortunately, we can't afford, nor do we need bias to win our argument with the IRS and to convince the general public of the validity of our position. The following is the complete definition of "include" from Black's, Sixth Edition: Include. (Lat. inclaudere, to shut in, keep within.) To confine within, hold as in an inclosure, take in, attain, shut up, contain, inclose, comprise, comprehend, embrace, involve. Term may, according to context, express an enlargement and have the meaning of and or in addition to, or merely specify a particular thing already included within general words theretofore used. "Including" within statute is interpreted as a word of enlargement or of illustrative application as well as a word of limitation. [emphasis added] Page P - 70 of 98 Appendix P Notice, in particular, that this definition permits both the expansive as well as the restrictive meanings. For this reason, it is misleading to quote only the first definition, "to confine within ...", when we attempt to decipher the IRC definitions of "State" and "United States". Moreover, the statute itself manifests an expansive intent when it defines "includes" and "including" as follows: Includes and Including. The terms "includes" and "including" when used in a definition contained in this title shall not be deemed to exclude other things otherwise within the meaning of the term defined. [26 USC 7701(c)] I find it quite fascinating that the word "include" is not mentioned in this definition. Are we therefore justified in arguing that "includes" and "including" are expansive, but "include" is restrictive? This is not an idle question, because the word "include" is used in the definition of "State" at 7701(a)(10), and the word "includes" is used in the definition of "United States" at 7701(a)(9). Black's doesn't help us here, because it embraces both the expansive and restrictive meanings. How do we resolve this ambiguity? One could argue that "includes" is the singular form of the verb, while "include" is the plural form of the verb. For example, the sentence "It includes ..." has a singular subject and a singular predicate. The sentence "They include ..." has a plural subject and a plural predicate. An entry in the Code of Federal Regulations of 1961 explains how plural forms include the singular, and vice versa: 170.60 Inclusive language. Words in the plural form shall include the singular and vice versa, and words in the masculine gender shall include the feminine as well as trusts, estates, partnerships, associations, companies, and corporations. [26 CFR 170.59, revised as of January 1, 1961] On the basis of this regulation, therefore, one is justified in arguing that "include" is also expansive because it is merely the plural form of "includes", which is expansive per 7701(c). I believe that this same rule is found in Title 1 of the U.S. Code, but I can't quite put my finger on the citation just now. It would be nice if this were the end of the story, but unfortunately for us, it is not. There are other published rules which produce different results. One well established rule of statutory construction is the rule of inclusio unius est exclusio alterius. Black's defines this rule as follows: Page P - 71 of 98 The Federal Zone: Inclusio unius est exclusio alterius. The inclusion of one is the exclusion of another. The certain designation of one person is an absolute exclusion of all others. ... This doctrine decrees that where law expressly describes particular situation to which it shall apply, an irrefutable inference must be drawn that what is omitted or excluded was intended to be omitted or excluded. Now, the word "include" is omitted from the expansive definition of "includes" and "including" found at 7701(c), is it not? Using the above rule, we are permitted to draw an irrefutable inference that the word "include" was omitted or excluded because it was intended to be omitted or excluded. Well, if "include" is not among the list of terms which are to be given an expansive meaning, can we infer therefrom that it must be given a restrictive meaning instead? If so, why? Another rule which raises even more questions is the "ejusdem generis" canon, defined in Black's Sixth Edition as follows: Under "ejusdem generis" canon of statutory construction, where general words follow the enumeration of particular classes of things, the general words will be construed as applying only to things of the same general class as those enumerated. [emphasis added] Is California in the same general class as the District of Columbia? Is Puerto Rico in the same general class as California? One of the major points of my book is to distinguish the 50 States from the federal zone by using a principle which I call "territorial heterogeneity". The 50 States are in one general class, because of the Constitutional restraints under which Congress must operate inside those 50 States. The areas within the federal zone are in a different general class, because these same constitutional restraints simply do not limit Congress inside that zone (see Downes vs Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244). This line of reasoning allows for an expansive definition of "include", but expansive only up to a point, and not beyond. What is that point? Refer now, if you would, to the start of the IRC section on definitions, which begins as follows: When used in this title, where not otherwise distinctly expressed or manifestly incompatible with the intent thereof-- [26 USC 7701] Page P - 72 of 98 Appendix P So, if an expansive definition of "include" results in applying Title 26 to the 50 States, have we not produced a result that is "manifestly incompatible with the intent thereof"? There are no provisions for apportioning the direct taxes levied by Title 26, and the Constitution still requires that direct taxes be apportioned. This fact is dramatically reinforced by the 17,000 State-certified documents which have been assembled by Red Beckman and Bill Benson to prove that the so-called 16th Amendment was never ratified. It cannot have been the intent of Title 26 to violate the Constitution. Just how do we resolve this apparent conflict? You already know the answer: the territorial scope of Title 26 is the federal zone; the political scope of Title 26 is the set of persons who are "citizens" of that zone (whether those persons are natural born, naturalized, or "artificially born" per the 14th Amendment). We could spend even more time reviewing the numerous decisions of the Supreme Court which have adopted either expansive or restrictive definitions of "include" and its many variations in order to arrive at those decisions. I am now convinced that this is a waste of time, because it doesn't settle the debate; it only aggravates the debate. If I leave you with any one single point, I want to stress that Title 26 utilizes words that have a long, documented history of semantic confusion. "Include" and its many variations are among those words: This word has received considerable discussion in opinions of the courts. It has been productive of much controversy. [Treasury Decision 3980, Vol. 29] [January-December, 1927, page 64] [emphasis added] Accordingly, I am delighted if you agree with the main thesis of The Federal Zone, that is, the principle of territorial heterogeneity. But I am also delighted if you disagree with this thesis, because in doing so, your disagreement constitutes undeniable proof of a parallel thesis of The Federal Zone, namely, that Title 26 is null and void for vagueness. The "void for vagueness" doctrine is deeply rooted in our right to due process (under the Fifth Amendment) and our right to know the nature and cause of an accusation (under the Sixth Amendment). The latter right goes far beyond the contents of any criminal indictment. The right to know the nature and cause of an accusation starts with the statute which any defendant is accused of violating. A statute must be sufficiently specific and unambiguous in all its terms, in order to define and give adequate notice of the kind of conduct which it forbids. If it fails to indicate with reasonable certainty just what conduct the legislature prohibits, a statute is necessarily void for uncertainty, or "void for vagueness" as it is usually phrased. Page P - 73 of 98 The Federal Zone: Any prosecution which is based upon a vague statute must fail together with the statute itself. A vague criminal statute is unconstitutional for violating the 6th Amendment. For your information, I have enclosed some additional materials which supplement the arguments I have made in this letter. Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship enclosures copies: Chris Wilder Michael Thomas Red Beckman Page P - 74 of 98 Appendix P c/o USPS P. O. Box 6189 San Rafael, California Postal Code 94903-0189/TDC July 24, 1991 Church of Scientology International 6331 Hollywood Boulevard, Suite 1200 Los Angeles, California Republic Postal Code 90028/TDC Dear Church of Scientology: Please accept my sincerest praise for the courage and dedication you have shown by publishing a full-page advertisement in the July 3, 1991 issue of USA Today. Your ad, "We Believe A Fair Tax Is Worth Fighting For", was very professional, very informative, and very convincing. I am writing to take issue with the contents of paragraph three of that ad, which reads: This door opened a crack in 1913 with the passage of the 16th Amendment to the Constitution, which allowed an income tax to be instituted. This door has since swung wide and Americans again are subjected to an unfair tax system. Attached please find a copy of my letter dated March 1, 1991 to Mr. David Miscavige, author of the article "Freeing the U.S. From the IRS" which appeared in Freedom magazine, May 31, 1990. In my letter to Mr. Miscavige, I did my best to explain briefly how the 16th Amendment was never ratified; it was merely "declared" ratified by Secretary of State Philander C. Knox in the year 1913, in the face of serious evidence impugning the entire ratification process. Moreover, Congress never "passed" the 16th Amendment, because Congress has never been empowered to amend the Constitution. Congress merely passed "resolutions" proposing that the State legislatures ratify the text of a proposed amendment. Since three-fourths of the States failed to ratify the text of the proposed amendment, the proposal never became a law. Therefore, as law-abiding Americans, we must act as if "the bill never became a law and was as completely a nullity as if it had been the act or declaration of an unauthorized assemblage of individuals," to quote an Illinois State court. Page P - 75 of 98 The Federal Zone: This issue is not a minor legal technicality. It is misleading to publish a statement that "the 16th Amendment was passed in 1913," without also referring to documented historical facts which prove that the proposed amendment was simply not ratified. This issue is a major constitutional question. If any attempt to amend the Constitution fails to obey the rules for amending that document, which rules are found in the Constitution itself, then the text of that attempt cannot in any way be considered a part of the Constitution and must be considered null and void. The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the land, and any statute, to be valid, must be in agreement with it, and therefore with all relevant provisions for amending it. It is impossible for both the Constitution and a law violating it to be valid; one must prevail. That "one" is the Constitution. This is succinctly stated as follows: The general rule is that an unconstitutional statute, though having the form and name of law, is in reality no law, but is wholly void and ineffective for any purpose; since unconstitutionality dates from the time of its enactment, and not merely from the date of the decision so branding it. An unconstitutional law, in legal contemplation, is as inoperative as if it had never been passed. Such a statute leaves the question that it purports to settle just as it would be[,] had the statute not been enacted. Since an unconstitutional law is void, the general principles follow that it imposes no duties, confers no rights, creates no office, bestows no power or authority on anyone, affords no protection, and justifies no acts performed under it .... A void act cannot be legally consistent with a valid one. An unconstitutional law cannot operate to supersede any existing valid law. Indeed, insofar as a statute runs counter to the fundamental law of the land, it is superseded thereby. No one is bound to obey an unconstitutional law, and no courts are bound to enforce it. [Sixteenth American Jurisprudence] [Second Edition, Section 177] [emphasis added] Page P - 76 of 98 Appendix P I invite you also to review the enclosed letter to the Save-A-Patriot Fellowship, in which I stress the legal importance of being historically correct about the so-called "16th Amendment". The preponderance of historical evidence proves that the proposal to amend the Constitution failed to obtain the approval of 36 States, and as such never achieved the status of a ratified Amendment and never became an Article of that Constitution. It is not now a law, and never was a law, not in this country, not in all of recorded history, not on this planet. Thank you for your consideration. Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship Page P - 77 of 98 The Federal Zone: c/o USPS P. O. Box 6189 San Rafael, California Postal Code 94903-0189/TDC March 1, 1991 Mr. David Miscavige, Chairman Religious Technology Center c/o Freedom Magazine 6331 Hollywood Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, California Republic Postal Code 90028-6329/TDC Dear Mr. Miscavige: I enjoyed reading your article entitled "Freeing the U.S. From the IRS" which appeared in the May 31, 1990 issue of Freedom magazine. The article cites numerous excellent reasons for abolishing federal income taxes. I agree with every one of your conclusions. I cannot, however, agree with all of your "facts". Specifically, in your first paragraph, you write, Since 1913, when an income tax was made possible by the passage of the 16th Amendment, Americans have faced a filing deadline 78 times. When the constitutional amendment was passed, voters were promised this new tax would be fairly administered. I cannot agree with this statement, because the evidence which is available to me indicates that the 16th Amendment was never lawfully ratified. It was merely "declared" ratified by the U.S. Secretary of State in 1913, Philander Knox, in the face of serious evidence impugning the entire ratification process. Enclosed please find a detailed summary of the evidence against the 16th Amendment, and a brief analysis of the legal and economic implications of acting on these facts. That is, as law-abiding Americans, we must act as if "the bill never became a law and was as completely a nullity as if it had been the act or declaration of an unauthorized assemblage of individuals", to quote an Illinois State court. I would enjoy hearing from you on this important question. Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship Page P - 78 of 98 Appendix P c/o USPS P. O. Box 6189 San Rafael, California Postal Code 94903-0189/TDC April 10, 1991 Dr. Lois Callahan, President College of San Mateo 1700 West Hillsdale Boulevard San Mateo, California Republic Postal Code 94402/TDC Dear Dr. Callahan: I am writing to file a formal complaint against the offices of television station KCSM, which are located in Building 9 on your campus. Last evening, I personally witnessed an act of political censorship by the staff of station KCSM. My colleague, Mr. Godfrey Lehman, had previously received a written invitation to appear on the KCSM program "Legal Currents" at 7:30 p.m. The scheduled topic was "Income Tax Filing: What are your rights? Where will the money go?" In addition to a cover letter, the invitation included two maps with directions to KCSM offices, a temporary parking permit, and wardrobe guidelines. I personally drove Mr. Lehman and accompanied him to this scheduled event. After our arrival, the second scheduled guest arrived, Mr. Larry Wright, Public Affairs Officer with the Internal Revenue Service in San Francisco. Upon learning of KCSM's plans to air the two guests together, Mr. Wright objected to the presence of Mr. Lehman on the same program. He cited what he termed a long- standing policy of the IRS to avoid all confrontations over the tax law outside the court room. A KCSM staff member was also present to hear Mr. Wright's objections. This staff member tried in vain to persuade the IRS agent to modify his position. At this point, the KCSM staff member left the room in order to obtain a decision from her management. She returned some minutes later to inform all of us that Mr. Wright would be allowed to appear on the program, but that Mr. Lehman would not be allowed to appear on the program. At this point, Godfrey Lehman and I obtained permission to view the "Legal Currents" program on a television monitor which was already installed in the office where we had been meeting. The aired program offered no explanation for Mr. Lehman's absence, offered no apology for the abrupt change of scheduled programming, and made no reference whatsoever to Mr. Godfrey Lehman, despite the fact he had already informed numerous colleagues of his scheduled appearance. Page P - 79 of 98 The Federal Zone: Now that I have summarized the relevant facts of this event, I wish to express my outrage at such a blatant act of political censorship by the management of television station KCSM. When a private Citizen is flatly denied access to public broadcast media, while government agents are allowed to prevail, do we not thereby undermine the very foundations of our constitutional republic? Have we not emphatically and dramatically denied that Citizen his right to freedom of speech, a right which is explicitly guaranteed by the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States? Even if the station can be persuaded at some future date to abide by some "equal time doctrine", how can we begin to assess the real damage to that Citizen's precious civil rights? When government distortion and intimidation are sponsored without challenge, are we not paving a sure path away from educated electorates, in the direction of police state tactics and totalitarian control? I am asking these questions because I require answers to these questions. Is it, or is it not the policy of the administration of the College of San Mateo to encourage this brand of media censorship? on the campus of a public educational institution? in the offices of a publicly licensed broadcast station? Are you now aware that government "public relations" agents have been allowed to prevail over the written invitation to a private Citizen, a published author and a recognized constitutional authority on the federal tax law? I would greatly appreciate your immediate attention to this important matter. If I can assist you in any way to investigate this incident, please don't hesitate to contact me. Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship copy: Board of Trustees, San Mateo County Community College District Page P - 80 of 98 Appendix P c/o USPS P. O. Box 6189 San Rafael, California Postal Code 94903-0189/TDC March 18, 1991 Mr. Peter Gabel, President New College of California 50 Fell Street San Francisco, California Republic Postal Code 94102/TDC Dear Mr. Gabel: I was shocked to read the recent San Francisco Chronicle article about the threatened IRS seizure of one of your classroom buildings. With this letter, I hope to make you fully aware of the powerful forces which can be made available to defend your college against this unjust and illegal attack. Permit me to get right to the major points: Our research into the U.S. Constitution, Congressional taxing powers, and the Internal Revenue Service has uncovered a mountain of material evidence which supports the following conclusions: 1. Wages are not taxable income, as the term is clearly and consistently defined by several key decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court that remain in force today. 2. The U.S. Constitution authorizes Congress to levy "direct taxes" on private property, but only if those taxes are apportioned across the 50 States. 3. The IRS now enforces the collection of "income taxes" as direct taxes without apportionment, and cites the 16th Amendment for its authority to do so. 4. The 16th Amendment, the so-called "income tax" amendment, was never lawfully ratified by the required 36 States, but was declared ratified by the U.S. Secretary of State in the year 1913. 5. The 16th Amendment could never have done away with the apportionment rule for any direct taxes if it never became a law in the first place. Page P - 81 of 98 The Federal Zone: The documentary substantiation for these conclusions is found in the attached formal petition, dated December 24, 1990, to Congresswoman Barbara Boxer, my Representative in the Congress of the United States. Rep. Boxer has, to date, failed to respond to this formal petition. For this reason, we have recently filed a formal Request for Investigation by the Marin County Grand Jury, a copy of which is attached for your review. We have requested the Marin County Grand Jury: 1. to investigate possible obstruction of justice and misprision of felony by Rep. Barbara Boxer for her failure, against a spoken promise before hundreds of witnesses at Pt. Reyes Station on August 22, 1990, to examine the material evidence of felony fraud when U.S. Secretary of State Philander C. Knox declared the 16th Amendment ratified, 2. to subpoena or otherwise require Representative Boxer to explain, under oath, why she and her staff have failed to answer our formal, written petition for redress of this major legal grievance with agents of the federal government, 3. to review the material evidence against the so-called 16th Amendment which we have assembled and are prepared to submit in expert testimony, under oath, to the Marin County Grand Jury. Mr. Gabel, we have developed a network of constitutional and legal experts whose resources can be made available to assist you on very short notice. As you can infer for yourself from the attached materials, we see the IRS attack on your college as an illegal and unconstitutional act by an agency of the Federal Reserve System. This attack is designed to harass and intimidate an educational institution dedicated to the goals of social responsibility and progressive change. These goals are inimical to the purposes for which the IRS was established. You must fully appreciate that the Internal Revenue Service is not a service to the American people. It is not a service to the U.S. Government. It is a service to the Federal Reserve System, which is not an agency of the federal government. After you have had a chance to review this letter and its attachments, may I recommend that we meet privately to discuss your situation and to consider the several ways in which we can bring our collective expertise to bear upon it. For example, I am ready on short notice to present the results of our research in a guest lecture to your law students and faculty, at no charge to the College. Similarly, I am prepared to share with you the material evidence against the 16th Amendment which I currently hold in my possession. I should think that a fight for the very survival of your college would provide an excellent motivation for one exciting moot courtroom drama for all faculty members, students, and staff. Page P - 82 of 98 Appendix P Please feel free to call me at your earliest convenience. If I have not heard from you by this coming Friday, I will contact your office by telephone to discuss this letter and hopefully arrange a meeting. Thank you very much for your consideration, and good luck! Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship attachments copies: selected colleagues Page P - 83 of 98 The Federal Zone: c/o USPS P. O. Box 6189 San Rafael, California Postal Code 94903-0189/TDC March 25, 1991 Marion McEwen FIJA California 24828 Canyon View Court Hayward, California Republic Postal Code 94541/TDC Dear Marion: I obtained your name and address from the Special Conference Issue of The FIJA Activist. I am writing you to request any advice or assistance you may be able to provide to me in a matter of utmost importance to the general welfare of all American Citizens. In the summer of 1990, I personally received material evidence that the 16th Amendment, the so-called income tax amendment, was never lawfully ratified. This evidence indicates that the act of declaring the 16th Amendment "ratified" was an act of outright fraud by then Secretary of State Philander C. Knox. In August of 1990, I brought this evidence to the attention of Congresswoman Barbara Boxer, my representative in the Congress of the United States. In front of several hundred witnesses at a community meeting sponsored by Rep. Boxer, she did agree to examine the evidence to which I refer. During the next several months, I heard nothing from Rep. Boxer's office on this matter. In December of 1990, I personally prepared a formal, written petition to Rep. Barbara Boxer, reminding her of her promise to examine the material evidence against the 16th Amendment, and reminding her also of her solemn oath of office, by which she swore to uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States. A copy of this formal, written petition is enclosed, for your review. To date, I have received no responses from Rep. Boxer nor from any of her staff on this matter. Accordingly, on March 11, 1991, I filed a formal Request for Investigation by the Marin County Grand Jury. As stated in the summary section of our completed form, we requested the Grand Jury to do the following: 1. investigate possible obstruction of justice and misprision of felony by Rep. Barbara Boxer for her failure, against a spoken promise before hundreds of witnesses, to examine the material evidence of felony fraud when U.S. Secretary of State Philander C. Knox declared the 16th Amendment ratified, Page P - 84 of 98 Appendix P 2. to subpoena or otherwise require Rep. Boxer to explain, under oath, why she and her staff have failed to answer our formal, written petition for redress of this major legal grievance with agents of the federal government, 3. to review the material evidence against the so-called 16th Amendment which we have assembled and are prepared to submit in expert testimony, under oath, to the Marin County Grand Jury. In a written response dated March 13, 1991, the Marin County Grand Jury declined to proceed with an investigation. Their reasons were stated as follows: In the panel's opinion that subject matter was not within its jurisdiction. We serve in a watchdog manner over local public departments and agencies. As a result of Proposition 115 this Grand Jury is apparently relegated to civil matters, whereas indictment and accusation cases are to be handled by a special criminal Grand Jury. These reasons were cited, despite a recent newspaper article which described the Grand Jury as follows: The Grand Jury operates under the auspices of the Superior Court and has the authority to investigate the personnel and operations of any county, city or local government agency as well as the conduct of any elected, appointed or hired official. [Coastal Post, March 4, 1991, p. 3, emphasis added] I do understand from your newsletter that there is a parallel FIGJA (grand jury) organization. Because I intend to write to them directly, I would appreciate it very much if you could do more than merely refer this letter to them. For example, I would be very interested to know if there is any way I can successfully persuade the Marin County Grand Jury to reconsider their decision to decline the investigation which I have requested. Please understand that I have no personal vendetta against Rep. Boxer, nor do I wish to create an embarrassing situation for her. I agree with her positions on a number of important public policy issues, and wish her the best of luck in her bid for a seat in the Senate of the United States. Nevertheless, she is my elected Representative in the Congress of the United States, and the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution does guarantee my right to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Page P - 85 of 98 The Federal Zone: If Rep. Boxer has anyone to fear, it is Rep. Boxer herself. If she or her staff have, in fact, chosen to ignore this matter, then she is failing to do the job she was elected to do, and she may in fact be guilty of obstructing justice and misprision of felony (see attached). For your information, I am also planning to write to Supervisor Gary Giacomini of the Marin County Board of Supervisors. In the March 11, 1991 issue of the Coastal Post, Supervisor Giacomini was quoted to say: "It's a bad time for us that are in government with no money coming from Washington or the State. Nineteen years ago when I got started, the federal government paid 34 percent of the county budget. Now they pay 7 percent. There are dues to pay for the deficit in Washington and dues to pay for war," he explained. [emphasis added] To many, there is little if any connection between federal income taxes and the current fiscal squeeze on state and local governments, or the poor state of the national economy in general. On the contrary, the research I have done during the past 9 months now convinces me that the connection is direct. Federal income taxes are used to make interest payments to the Federal Reserve banks, and their collection agency is the Internal Revenue Service. The IRS is not a service to the people of the United States. It is not a service to the government of the United States. It is a service to the Federal Reserve System, a private credit monopoly described as "one of the most corrupt institutions the world has ever known" by Congressman Louis T. McFadden, Chairman of the U.S. Banking and Currency Commission for some 22 years. Witness McFadden's statement published in the Congressional Record of June 10, 1932: Mr. Chairman, we have in this country one of the most corrupt institutions the world has ever known. I refer to the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve banks. The Federal Reserve Board, a Government board, has cheated the Government of the United States and the people of the United States out of enough money to pay the national debt. The depredations and iniquities of the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve banks acting together have cost this country enough money to pay the national debt several times over. This evil institution has impoverished and ruined the people of the United States; has bankrupted itself, and has practically bankrupted our Government. It has done this through the defects of the law under which it operates, through the maladministration of that law by the Federal Reserve Board, and through the corrupt practices of the moneyed vultures who control it. Page P - 86 of 98 Appendix P Some people think the Federal Reserve banks are United States Government institutions. They are not Government institutions. They are private credit monopolies which prey upon the people of the United States for the benefit of themselves and their foreign customers; foreign and domestic speculators and swindlers; and rich and predatory money lenders. In that dark crew of financial pirates there are those who would cut a man's throat to get a dollar out of his pocket; there are those who send money into States to buy votes to control our legislation; and there are those who maintain an international propaganda for the purpose of deceiving us and of wheedling us into the granting of new concessions which will permit them to cover up their past misdeeds and set again in motion their gigantic train of crime. The manipulations of the Federal Reserve System and their effects on the entire American economy have been shrouded in considerable secrecy for too many years now. This secrecy has been a conscious and deliberate feature of its corrupting influence on officials in all branches of the federal government. To illustrate my point, I have now personally witnessed documents which prove that a federal grand jury in Orem, Utah issued two formal indictments against the Federal Reserve System, but those indictments were subsequently obstructed by the Department of Justice and by the Federal judiciary. These documents show that the first indictment was issued on or about February 16, 1982. The second indictment was issued on or about July 7, 1982. This documentation can be made available to you upon request. I sincerely hope that this letter has provided you with a glimpse of just how serious and widespread a problem the so-called 16th Amendment has created for millions of Americans, a problem that now extends through two whole generations of our brief history as a nation. As I myself have come to appreciate the true essence of this problem, I have also come to the conclusion that the millions of hard-working Americans burdened by this scourge now deserve an honest explanation. This explanation can only be forthcoming if we, the people, exercise our unalienable right to correct a government which has now drifted so far off course, it hardly resembles the constitutional republic it was designed to be. I do honestly believe that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of our rights, it is also our right to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to us, the U.S., shall seem most likely to effect our safety and our happiness. To this end, I dedicate my life, my fortune, and my sacred honor. Won't you please join me? Page P - 87 of 98 The Federal Zone: Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship copy: Lowell A. Airola, Foreperson Grand Jury of Marin County Gary Giacomini, Member Marin County Board of Supervisors Page P - 88 of 98 Appendix P c/o USPS P. O. Box 6189 an Rafael, California Postal Code 94903-0189/TDC April 29, 1991 Dianne Bast Heartland Institute 654 South Wabash, 2nd Floor Chicago, Illinois Postal Code 60605/TDC Dear Dianne: At the request of my colleague, Kirby Ferris, enclosed please find a collection of papers and letters which summarize our continuing research and political action with respect to the 16th Amendment and related subjects. It has been difficult obtaining reliable information on the Federal Reserve System, because this syndicate has been shrouded in almost total secrecy since its creation. Even though I take exception to the religious prejudice he sometimes exhibits, author Eustace Mullins does appear to have the inside track on the origins and development of this syndicate. In particular, the enclosed quote from A Writ for Martyrs is the most succinct statement of "The Problem" that I have been able to find anywhere. Interestingly, the enclosed quote by Eustace Mullins is entirely consistent with statements by Beardsley Ruml in the January 1946 issue of American Affairs magazine. Mr. Ruml, Chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York at that time, was the person who devised the income tax withholding system. In this article, he wrote, By all odds, the most important single purpose to be served by the imposition of federal taxes is the maintenance of a dollar which has stable purchasing power over the years. In other words, federal income taxation is the counterbalance to the flood of paper money which pours into the economy as the Fed creates it "out of thin air". Without this counterbalance, inflation would skyrocket. "... [W]ithout the use of federal taxation all other means of stabilization, such as monetary policy and price controls and subsidies, are unavailing," concluded Ruml [emphasis added]. What does all this mean? It means that income taxes have nothing to do with the funding of government services. The report of the Grace Commission confirmed the same finding. All individual income tax revenues go to pay for interest on the Page P - 89 of 98 The Federal Zone: national debt, which debt is owed to a private credit monopoly once described by Congressman Louis T. McFadden as "one of the most corrupt institutions the world has ever known". Therefore, as you study the many problems that exist with the so-called "ratification" of the 16th Amendment, try to realize the true motives which underpin the chicanery that occurred in that ratification process. For example, the Governor of the State of Arkansas vetoed the resolution to amend the Constitution. The Kentucky Senate Journal recorded a vote of 9 FOR and 22 AGAINST the resolution. An Illinois State court ruled that "it never became a law, and was as much a nullity as if it had been the act or declaration of an unauthorized assemblage of individuals." Nevertheless, the U.S. Secretary of State in the year 1913, Philander C. Knox, "declared" it ratified anyway. It is no coincidence that this act by Secretary Knox occurred in the same year the Federal Reserve Act was passed by Congress. For your information, I have also enclosed a copy of a recent bibliography which we have assembled on the subjects of income taxes, the 16th Amendment, and the Federal Reserve System. These references are an excellent place to continue your education. If there is anything else we can do for you, please don't hesitate to contact us. Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship copy: Kirby Ferris enclosures: bibliography assembled papers Page P - 90 of 98 Appendix P c/o USPS P. O. Box 6189 San Rafael, California Postal Code 94903-0189/TDC May 29, 1991 Producers 60 Minutes 524 West 57th Street New York, New York Postal Code 10019/TDC Dear Producers: I am writing this letter at the request of my colleague, Mr. Godfrey Lehman. In his letter to you dated May 21, 1991, Godfrey has already written an excellent summary identifying the major problems which his research has discovered with federal income taxes and the Internal Revenue Service. Do you have any interest in developing a special segment to discuss the mass of new evidence which now seriously impugns the ratification of the 16th Amendment, the so-called income tax amendment? The material evidence in our possession proves that the 16th Amendment was never lawfully ratified. This evidence indicates that the act of declaring it "ratified" was an act of outright fraud by Secretary of State Philander C. Knox in the year 1913. You may already know that fraud has no statute of limitations. To date, I have already filed four formal petitions for redress of this major grievance with the Congress of the United States. Three were addressed to Barbara Boxer, the Representative for the Congressional district in which I reside. The fourth petition was addressed to Rep. Dan Rostenkowski, Chairman of the House Committee on Ways and Means. Copies of these petitions are enclosed, for your review, in addition to a collection of letters and other materials. To many, there is little if any connection between federal income taxes and the current fiscal squeeze on state and local governments, or the disintegration of the national economy in general. On the contrary, the research I have done during the past year now convinces me that the connection is direct. Federal income taxes are used to make interest payments to the Federal Reserve banks, and their collection agency is the Internal Revenue Service. The IRS is not a service to the people of the United States. It is not a service to the government of the United States. It is a service to the Federal Reserve System, a private credit monopoly described as "one of the most corrupt institutions the world has ever known" by Louis T. McFadden, Chairman of the House Banking and Currency Committee, 1927-1933. Page P - 91 of 98 The Federal Zone: The manipulations of the Federal Reserve System and their effects on the entire American economy have been shrouded in considerable secrecy for too many years now. This secrecy has been a conscious and deliberate feature of its corrupting influence on officials in all branches of the federal government. This secrecy has also made it very difficult to obtain reliable information about the Federal Reserve. Even though I take exception to the religious prejudice he sometimes exhibits, author Eustace Mullins does appear to have the inside track on the origins and development of this syndicate. In particular, the enclosed excerpt from A Writ for Martyrs is the most succinct statement of "The Problem" that I have been able to find anywhere. In his recent book The Shadows of Power, author James Perloff puts it this way: The year 1913 was an ominous one -- there now existed the means to loan the government colossal sums (the Federal Reserve), and the means to exact repayment (income tax). All that was needed now was a good reason for Washington to borrow. In 1914, World War I erupted on the European continent. America eventually participated, and as a result her national debt soared from $1 billion to $25 billion. I sincerely hope that this letter has provided you with a glimpse of just how serious and widespread a problem the so-called 16th Amendment has created for millions of Americans, a problem that now extends through two whole generations of our brief history as a nation. As I myself have come to appreciate the true essence of this problem, I have also come to the conclusion that the millions of hard-working Americans burdened by this scourge now deserve an honest explanation. This explanation can only be forthcoming if we, the people, exercise our unalienable right to correct a government which has now drifted so far off course, it hardly resembles the constitutional republic it was designed to be. Please feel free to contact me at any time concerning this proposal for "60 Minutes" coverage of the 16th Amendment fraud. Thank you very much for your consideration. Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship enclosures Page P - 92 of 98 Appendix P c/o USPS P. O. Box 6189 San Rafael, California Postal Code 94903-0189/TDC May 29, 1991 Mr. Dennis Bernstein Radio Station KPFA 2207 Shattuck Avenue Berkeley, California Republic Dear Mr. Bernstein: Do you have any interest in developing a segment to discuss the mass of new evidence which now seriously impugns the ratification of the 16th Amendment, the so-called income tax amendment? The material evidence in our possession proves that the 16th Amendment was never lawfully ratified. This evidence indicates that the act of declaring it "ratified" was an act of outright fraud by Secretary of State Philander C. Knox in the year 1913. You may already know that fraud has no statute of limitations. To date, I have already filed four formal petitions for redress of this major grievance with the Congress of the United States. Three were addressed to Barbara Boxer, the Representative for the Congressional district in which I reside. The fourth petition was addressed to Rep. Dan Rostenkowski, Chairman of the House Committee on Ways and Means. Copies of these petitions are enclosed, for your review, in addition to a collection of letters and other materials. To many, there is little if any connection between federal income taxes and the current fiscal squeeze on state and local governments, or the disintegration of the national economy in general. On the contrary, the research I have done during the past year now convinces me that the connection is direct. Federal income taxes are used to make interest payments to the Federal Reserve banks, and their collection agency is the Internal Revenue Service. The IRS is not a service to the people of the United States. It is not a service to the government of the United States. It is a service to the Federal Reserve System, a private credit monopoly described as "one of the most corrupt institutions the world has ever known" by Louis T. McFadden, Chairman of the House Banking and Currency Committee, 1927-1933. The manipulations of the Federal Reserve System and their effects on the entire American economy have been shrouded in considerable secrecy for too many years now. This secrecy has been a conscious and deliberate feature of its corrupting influence on officials in all branches of the federal government. Page P - 93 of 98 The Federal Zone: This secrecy has also made it very difficult to obtain reliable information about the Federal Reserve. Even though I take exception to the religious prejudice he sometimes exhibits, author Eustace Mullins does appear to have the inside track on the origins and development of this syndicate. In particular, the enclosed excerpt from A Writ for Martyrs is the most succinct statement of "The Problem" that I have been able to find anywhere. In his recent book Shadows of Power, author James Perloff puts it this way: The year 1913 was an ominous one -- there now existed the means to loan the government colossal sums (the Federal Reserve), and the means to exact repayment (income tax). All that was needed now was a good reason for Washington to borrow. In 1914, World War I erupted on the European continent. America eventually participated, and as a result her national debt soared from $1 billion to $25 billion. I sincerely hope that this letter has provided you with a glimpse of just how serious and widespread a problem the so-called 16th Amendment has created for millions of Americans, a problem that now extends through two whole generations of our brief history as a nation. As I myself have come to appreciate the true essence of this problem, I have also come to the conclusion that the millions of hard-working Americans burdened by this scourge now deserve an honest explanation. This explanation can only be forthcoming if we, the people, exercise our unalienable right to correct a government which has now drifted so far off course, it hardly resembles the constitutional republic it was designed to be. Please feel to contact me at any time concerning this proposal for KPFA coverage of the 16th Amendment fraud. Thank you very much for your consideration. Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship enclosures Page P - 94 of 98 Appendix P c/o USPS P. O. Box 6189 San Rafael, California Postal Code 94903-0189/TDC July 21, 1991 Ken Ellis Maintenance Engineer KPFA-FM 94.1 2207 Shattuck Avenue Berkeley, California Republic Postal Code 94704/TDC Dear Ken: I enjoyed our brief conversation after the last meeting of the Free Enterprise Society in Berkeley. Enclosed is a copy of my letter of May 29, 1991 to Dennis Bernstein. For your information, Lewis vs United States, 680 F.2d 1239, June 24, 1982 is the Ninth Circuit Court decision which proves that the Federal Reserve is a private corporation. Two full pages are dedicated to the details of this ruling in Alan Stang's excellent book entitled Tax Scam, published by Mount Sinai Press, P. O. Box 1220, Alta Loma, California 91701, telephone (714) 980-3165. Stang's mailing address is 4770 West Bellfort, #269, Houston, Texas 77035. Quoting Stang from page 232: Mr. Lewis was hit by a truck owned by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, so he sued. The trouble was that he sued the U.S. government under the Federal Tort Claims Act, in the belief that the bank is a government agency. The Court ruled against Mr. Lewis, explaining that he had mistakenly named the wrong defendant, that the government had nothing to do with it -- and that Mr. Lewis should have sued the Bank, which is a private corporation. You know, if I wished to subvert the monetary system of any country, I would arrange a secret meeting of finance moguls, require all participants to use first names only, shield the meeting from the scrutiny of press and public, draft legislation which was too long for experts to understand without lengthy study, and ram it thru Congress two days before Christmas, after donating first class travel fare to all my opponents, glossing over dozens of major differences between the House and Senate versions, and scheduling a vote at 1:30 in the morning, after all my opponents were scattered to the four winds. Page P - 95 of 98 The Federal Zone: Those who prefer to regard the events at Jekyll Island as an unsubstantiated conspiracy appear, to me, very similar to those who even now retain their belief that Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone assassin of President Kennedy. If there were no conspiracy, then why all the evidence indicating that there was? One can argue that some author doesn't have his facts straight because that same author harbors a prejudice or two, but to argue this way in the face of incriminating facts really begs the question that is raised by the facts themselves. The secrecy alone is something which I personally find abhorrent to our principles of due process, representative government, and freedom of the press. If anyone can produce a credible challenge to the facts we allege, then let's hear from them. Until then, the facts as we know them speak for themselves. All by itself, the fraud surrounding the 16th Amendment is substantiated by 17,000 State- certified documents. Isn't this mass of evidence enough to justify maybe even a brief mention on a publicly funded radio station? Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship copy: Dennis Bernstein interested colleagues Page P - 96 of 98 Appendix P c/o USPS P. O. Box 6189 San Rafael, California Postal Code 94903-0189/TDC August 23, 1990 Editor Point Reyes Light P. O. Box 210 Pt. Reyes Station, California Republic Postal Code 94956/TDC Dear Editor: On the evening of August 22, 1990, in Point Reyes Station, Congresswoman Barbara Boxer publicly consented to inspect personally the evidence against the 16th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1913 Income Tax). This evidence shows that the 16th Amendment was fraudulently ratified. We applaud her courage and her willingness to pursue the truth in this matter. Six States are on official federal record as opposing the 16th Amendment. If we can prove to Representative Boxer that seven additional States were so immersed in fraudulent procedures as to nullify their ratification proceedings, we will have produced a total of thirteen votes against the 16th Amendment. Such proof will effectively nullify the Income Tax in the United States of America, since 36 of 48 States were required to ratify a constitutional amendment in 1913. Needless to say, this is a mind-boggling assertion, but fraud has no statute of limitations. We do not ask our neighbors to take our claims lightly. We do want the opportunity to prove our case to the American people. Therefore, we will publish the document numbers that are pertinent in the "dirty seven" States that we have identified. Each and every one of you will be able to request your own certified copies of these documents from the State houses of those seven States. Remember that an income tax is absolutely unnecessary to finance the U.S. government. From 1787 until 1942 (when the income tax had reached a nominal 2 percent on corporations only) our nation demonstrated unprecedented prosperity. Ironically, the national debt has increased as income taxes have increased. Before long, the interest on the national debt will exceed the total income tax revenues collected by the federal government. It doesn't take a genius to figure out what that means. Not one penny of your Form 1040 check goes anywhere except into the vaults of the private banks of the Federal Reserve System (see report of the Grace Commission). Every penny of income tax is diverted to pay interest to bankers on the money they authorize the U.S. Treasury to print (i.e., create out of thin air) as Federal Reserve Notes, and then LOAN to us! We Page P - 97 of 98 The Federal Zone: advise all American Citizens to pay very close attention as this story unfolds. Imagine being able to raise your own personal credit limit simply by raising your hand. The U.S. Congress does it all the time when it passes laws to raise the federal debt limit. Again, our thanks to Congresswoman Barbara Boxer for her willingness to keep an open mind and to seek the truth in this matter. Sincerely yours, /s/ Mitch Modeleski, Founder Account for Better Citizenship Page P - 98 of 98