Chapter 3: 'The Matrix'

This chapter contains an essential key with the potential to set you free. One of the biggest obstacles to understanding federal tax law is that it never uses diagrams or pictures. If a picture is worth a thousand words, then the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) would certainly lose a lot of weight if it were reduced to pictures; but there would still be a lot of pictures! A careful examination of certain key terms like 'resident' and 'citizen' reveals a certain two-dimensional quality to the statutory relationship among these terms. Specifically, you are an alien if you are not a citizen, and you are a nonresident if you are not a resident. This careful examination led to the following diagram, which I like to call 'The Matrix'. The Matrix is the key that unlocks the whole puzzle of federal income taxation. When you understand The Matrix, you will know exactly where you stand with respect to the federal zone: Matrix Full View (for you lynxers)
                            column 1:         column 2:
                        +-----------------------------------+
                        | United States** |                 |
                        |    citizen      |     alien       |
                        |-----------------+-----------------|
                        |                 |                 |
                        |                 |                 |
          resident      |        X        |       X         |   row 1
                        |                 |                 |
                        |-----------------+-----------------|
                        |                 |                 |
                        |                 |                 |
          nonresident   |        X        |                 |   row 2
                        |                 |                 |
                        +-----------------------------------+

The validity of The Matrix is supported by a large body of evidence, only a small part of which can be covered effectively in a single book. The IRC is not a good place to begin, because Chapter 1 of that Code imposes a tax on the taxable income of 'individuals', a term which the Code simply does not define. The definitions that do exist are found in Chapter 79 and in other places which are spread around the Code like leaves blowing in the wind. The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is a much better place to begin a review of the evidence. The regulations in the CFR are considered to be official publications of the federal government because they are 'judicially noticed' (courts must defer to them) and because they are considered by law to be official supplements to The Federal Register. According to the federal regulations which promulgate the Internal Revenue Code, the liability for federal income tax is imposed on all citizens of the United States** and all residents of the United States**, as follows:
             In general,  all citizens  of the  United States**, wherever
             resident, and  all resident  alien individuals are liable to
             the income  taxes imposed  by the Code whether the income is
             received from sources within or without the United States**.
             ...   As  to  tax  on  nonresident  alien  individuals,  see
             sections 871 and 877.
                                                        [26 CFR 1.1-1(b)]

Thus, the regulations impose an income tax on all citizens, whether they are resident or nonresident (column 1 in The Matrix), and on all residents, whether they are citizens or aliens (row 1 in The Matrix). These same regulations define a United States** citizen as someone who is either born or naturalized in the United States** and who is subject to the jurisdiction of the United States**, as follows:
             Every person  born or naturalized in the United States** and
             subject to its jurisdiction is a citizen.

                                                        [26 CFR 1.1-1(c)]

The official IRS 'Publications' are another excellent source of evidence which supports the validity of The Matrix. These publications can be obtained by ordering them directly from the Internal Revenue Service. For example, Publication number 519, U.S. Tax Guide for Aliens, begins with the following statements:
             Introduction

             For tax  purposes, an  alien is  an individual  who is not a
             U.S.** citizen.  Aliens are classified as nonresident aliens
             and resident aliens.  ...

Clearly, an alien is an individual who is not a U.S.** citizen. Aliens are individuals who were born outside of the federal zone, and who never elected to become U.S.** citizens via naturalization. Publication 519 then explains the difference between a resident alien and a nonresident alien, as follows:
             Resident or nonresident?

             Resident aliens  generally  are  taxed  on  their  worldwide
             income, the  same as  U.S.** citizens.   Nonresident  aliens
             generally are taxed only on their income from sources within
             the United States**. ...

             Nonresident aliens  are taxed  on their U.S.** source income
             (and on  certain foreign  source income  that is effectively
             connected with a trade or business in the United States**).

How does one become a 'resident' of the United States**? Remember, as used in the Internal Revenue Code and its regulations, the term 'United States**' means the area over which Congress exercises exclusive legislative jurisdiction, that is, the federal zone. The IRC contains a relatively clear definition of the terms 'resident alien' and 'nonresident alien', as follows:
             Definition of Resident Alien and Nonresident Alien.  --

             (1)  In General. --  For purposes of this title (other than
                  subtitle B) --


                  (A)  Resident Alien.   --  An alien individual shall be
                       treated as  a resident of the United States** with
                       respect to any calendar year if (and only if) such
                       individual meets  the requirements  of clause (i),
                       (ii), or (iii):

                       (i)  Lawfully Admitted  for  Permanent  Residence.
                            --   Such individual  is a  lawful  permanent
                            resident of  the United  States** at any time
                            during such calendar year.

                       (ii) Substantial Presence Test.
                            --  Such   individual  makes   the   election
                            provided in paragraph (3).

                       (iii) First Year Election.
                            --  Such   individual  makes   the   election
                            provided in paragraph (4).


                  (B)  Nonresident  Alien.     --   An  individual  is  a
                       nonresident alien  if such individual is neither a
                       citizen of  the United  States** nor a resident of
                       the  United   States**  (within   the  meaning  of
                       subparagraph (A)).

                                                            [IRC 7701(b)]

Being lawfully admitted for permanent residence is also called 'the green card test'. IRS Publication 519 explains the green card test as follows:
             You are  a resident  for tax  purposes if  you are  a lawful
             permanent resident of the United States** at any time during
             the calendar  year.   ... This  is known as the 'green card'
             test.   You are  a lawful  permanent resident  of the United
             States** at  any time  if you have been given the privilege,
             according to  the immigration  laws, of residing permanently
             in the  United States** as an immigrant, and this status has
             not been  taken away  and has  not been  administratively or
             judicially determined to have been abandoned.  You have this
             status if  you have  been issued an alien registration card,
             also known  as  a  'green  card,'  by  the  Immigration  and
             Naturalization Service.
American Citizens who were born free in one of the 50 States of the Union are not required to obtain an alien registration card, because their presence in one of the 50 States is not a privilege; on the contrary, it is an unalienable right which is guaranteed to them by the United States Constitution because they were born free and Sovereign. The Constitution refers to these people as 'natural born Citizens' (2:1:5), 'free Persons' (1:2:3) and 'Citizens of a State' (3:2:1 and 4:2:1). On the basis of this criterion alone, the natural born State Citizen enjoys a significant right which is not enjoyed by a person who must apply for residence as a privilege granted by government. (Throughout this book, the terms 'native American Citizen', 'native-born American Citizen' and 'American Citizen' will be synonymous with 'natural born Citizens' as in 2:1:5 of the Constitution, and with 'State Citizens' as in 3:2:1 and 4:2:1 of the Constitution, to avoid problems that do arise solely from terminology.)

Publication 519 explains the 'substantial presence test' using rules which closely parallel those which are actually found in the Internal Revenue Code:

             You will be considered a U.S.** resident for tax purposes if
             you meet  the substantial  presence test  for  the  calendar
             year.   To meet this test, you must be physically present in
             the United States** on at least:

                  (1)  31 days during the current year, and

                  (2)  183 days  during the  3-year period  that includes
                       the current  year  and  the  2  years  immediately
                       before, counting:

                       -    all the  days you were present in the current
                            year ... , and

                       -    1/3 of the days you were present in the first
                            year before the current year ... , and

                       -    1/6 of  the days  you  were  present  in  the
                            second year before the current year ...


             Example.  You were physically present in the United States**
             on 120  days in  each of the years 1988, 1989, and 1990.  To
             determine if  you meet  the substantial  presence  test  for
             1990, count  the full  120 days of presence in 1990, 40 days
             in 1989  (1/3 of  120), and  20 days  in 1988  (1/6 of 100).
             Since the  total for  the 3-year period is 180 days, you are
             not considered  a resident  under the  substantial  presence
             test for 1990.

An individual may elect to be treated as a resident of the United States**. The rules for making this election are found in the statute (IRC Section 7701(b)(4)) and in the regulations which promulgate this statute (26 CFR 1.871 et seq.). Why anyone would want to do this, without actually residing in the United States**, remains a mystery to me. Many Americans have been duped into believing that electing to be treated as a resident is a 'beneficial' thing to do. Subsequent chapters will discuss the so-called 'benefits' of U.S.** residence and U.S.** citizenship by contrasting revocable privileges and unalienable rights.

At last, we arrive at the definition of 'nonresident alien'. We have taken the long way around the mountain, but it is the only way around the mountain (as it turns out) because Chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code imposes the tax on undefined 'individuals'. It is in Chapter 79, near the end of the Code, where it states that an individual is a nonresident alien if such individual is neither a citizen of the United States** nor a resident of the United States**. If you were born outside the federal zone, either as a Sovereign Citizen natural born free in one of the 50 States of the Union, or as a native citizen of a foreign country like France, then you are not automatically a 'citizen of the United States**'. You may, of course, obtain 'U.S.** citizenship' by applying for this 'privilege' with the Immigration and Naturalization Service, even if you are a Sovereign State Citizen. You may also relinquish U.S.** citizenship at will, through a process known as 'expatriation'. If you were born inside the federal zone, then you are automatically a 'citizen of the United States**'. The rules for residency have already been reviewed above.

The validity of The Matrix is also reinforced clearly by a man named Roger Foster who, in the year 1915, wrote a forgotten treatise on the Act of 1913, the year the so-called 16th Amendment was declared ratified. Some people argue that these older materials are not relevant because they do not take into account the changes that have occurred in the statute and its regulations. Although changes have indeed occurred, the relevance of these materials lies in their proximity in time to the origins of income taxation in America, and to the intent of the original statutes. It is a principle of law that the intent of a statute is always decisive. The following excerpt is taken from A Treatise on the Federal Income Tax under the Act of 1913, by Roger Foster of the New York Bar, published by The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company, Rochester, New York, in 1915:

             Section 35: Incidence of the tax with respect to persons.

                  Under [the statute] four possible cases arise.  Two are
             of  citizens,   with  reference   to  their   residence   or
             nonresidence, and two are of aliens, with reference likewise
             to their residence or nonresidence.  There is no question as
             to the  first two,  that the  whole income  of every citizen
             whether residing  at home  or abroad  is taxed;   it  is  so
             specifically  provided   in  the  act.    Similarly,  it  is
             expressly provided  in the act that every person residing in
             the United  States** shall  pay a  tax upon  all his income,
             from  whatever   source  derived,   which  without  question
             includes all  resident aliens.    Whatever,  therefore,  the
             power of  Congress may be, its intent is clear, that in case
             of non-resident aliens the only measure of the tax is income
             derived within the United States**.

                  With  reference   to  aliens,  therefore,  it  must  be
             determined whether they are resident in which case they must
             pay the  tax on  their whole  income;   or if  not  resident
             whether they  own property  or carry on a business, trade or
             profession in the United States**.

                  In  the   latter  case,  they  are  taxable  only  with
             reference to income earned or paid in this country.  If they
             are non-resident and do not derive an income from any source
             within our territory of course they are not taxable at all.

                                                       [pages 153 to 155]

Note, in particular, that Foster makes reference to 'income earned or paid in this country'. You might be sorely tempted to conclude, therefore, that he meant to define the 'United States' to mean the several States of the Union (then 48) in addition to the federal zone. He did not. This question is squarely settled in another section of his treatise, in which he considers the incidence of the tax with respect to territory:
             Section 34:   Incidence of the tax with respect to territory
             and places exempted from the same.

             The tax  ... is  levied in Alaska, the District of Columbia,
             Porto Rico  [sic] and  the Philippine  Islands.  ... The Act
             expressly directs:

                  'That the  word 'State'  or 'United States**' when used
                  in this  section shall  be  construed  to  include  any
                  Territory, Alaska,  the  District  of  Columbia,  Porto
                  Rico,   and   the   Philippine   Islands,   when   such
                  construction is necessary to carry out its provisions.'

             Although there  might be ground for argument that the phrase
             'any Territory'  applies to the Hawaiian Islands, it was the
             evident intention  of Congress that the residents of Hawaii,
             at least  when not  citizens of  the  United  States**,  are
             exempt from  the tax, for the reason that the Legislature of
             Hawaii has  imposed an Income Tax upon all residents of that
             territory.
                                                       [pages 152 to 153]

It is important to appreciate that Roger Foster was considered by many to be a recognized authority on federal law. In addition to his treatise on the Federal Income Tax Act of 1913, he wrote numerous other treatises and articles, including (but not limited to) 'Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States', 'Federal Judiciary Acts', and 'The Federal Income Tax of 1894'. In the published opinion of author John L. Sasscer, Sr., any doubts about Foster's intentions are completely dissolved by his choice of words for the heading to Section 34: incidence of the tax with respect to territory and places exempted from the same:
             If the income tax were levied within the states of the union
             there is no doubt that he would have so stated.  The absence
             of  any  mention  of  the  states  of  the  union  as  being
             'territory' where  the tax is imposed, shows that Mr. Foster
             recognized the  income tax  was imposed  in those  mentioned
             areas only, all of which were federal territories in 1913.

             ['Deciphering The Internal Revenue Code: The Keys Revealed']
                 [by John L. Sasscer, Sr., in Economic Survival, page 27]

In subsequent chapters, a principle of statutory construction is applied to the IRC to show that the inclusion of one thing is equivalent to the exclusion of all other things not explicitly mentioned. This principle also applies to persons and to places. Laws are constructed in strict obedience to the rules of formal English; one of these formal rules is that a 'noun' is either a person, a place, or a thing. Both Sasscer and Foster evidence their keen awareness of these rules. Notice how Foster mentions the incidence of the tax with respect to persons and to places. The States of the Union are not mentioned anywhere among the places where the tax is imposed.

There you have it! Four possible cases arise for natural born persons like you and me. Go back to The Matrix and to the cover of this book. Focus carefully on the lonely cell found at row 2, column 2. You are a nonresident alien if you are not a citizen of the United States** and you are not a resident of the United States**:

             The term  'nonresident alien individual' means an individual
             whose residence  is not  within the United States**, and who
             is not a citizen of the United States**.
                                                         [26 CFR 1.871-2]

At this point, you may still be wondering if it is indeed correct to use the term 'nonresident alien' to describe Sovereign State Citizens who were born free in one of the 50 States of the Union, and who also live and work in one of the 50 States of the Union. All that remains to prove it correct is to verify the correct legal meaning of the term 'United States**' in the IRC. This proof requires an overview of the several meanings of the terms 'United States' and 'State' as they are defined in the statute itself, in the case law, and elsewhere.

An exhaustive proof is not necessary here because other capable authors have already completed a massive amount of work on this subject. Interested readers are encouraged to review the Bibliography, found in Appendix N, and to obtain copies of the key publications entitled Good-Bye April 15th! by Boston T. Party, Which One Are You? by The Informer, United States Citizen versus National of the United States and A Ticket to Liberty both by Lori Jacques, The Omnibus by Ralph F. Whittington, and Free At Last -- From the IRS by N. A. 'Doc' Scott. Taken as a group, these authors have published a wealth of irrefutable documentation which proves, beyond any doubt, the true meaning of 'nonresident alien' in the federal income tax statutes. Author Ralph Whittington's book is particularly valuable because its appendices contain true and correct copies of key documents like Roger Foster's treatise and selected Acts of Congress.

The following anecdote summarizes nicely many of the key points which we have covered thus far:

                  Several years ago in a coffee shop while talking with a
             friend about  'tax matters,'  a man  in the  adjacent  booth
             overheard our  conversation and  asked  to  join  us.    The
             conversation continued,  and centered  mainly on IRS abuses.
             This gentleman  seemed particularly  knowledgeable about the
             subject and  we asked him what he did for a living.  He told
             us his  name and  that he  was  an  attorney  with  the  Tax
             Division  of   the  Department  of  Justice  in  Washington.
             Naturally, this  put us  on guard,  but he quickly put us at
             ease by  agreeing in  large part  with the conclusion we had
             drawn.

                  Reluctantly,  I  asked  him  this  question,  'Why  are
             defendants in  federal district  court always  asked if they
             are 'citizens  of the  United States'?'   He replied without
             hesitation, 'So  we can  determine jurisdiction.    In  many
             cases the  federal court  does not  have jurisdiction over a
             citizen unless they testify they are a citizen of the United
             States  --   meaning  a   federal  citizen  under  the  14th
             Amendment.'

                  My friend innocently asked, 'What's a federal citizen?'
             The attorney replied, 'That's a person who receives benefits
             or privileges  or is  an alien  that has  been admitted as a
             citizen of the United States.'

                  I quickly  interjected, 'What  if the individual denied
             being a  citizen of  the United  States and  claimed to be a
             sovereign citizen of Oklahoma?'  The attorney bowled me over
             with, 'We don't get jurisdiction.'

                  He had to catch a plane.

                     [Freeman Letter, March 1989, page 6, emphasis added]
                  [as quoted in 'Brief of Law for Zip Code Implications']
                         [by Walter C. Updegrave, revised March 28, 1992]

The implications of the 14th Amendment are considered in some detail in Chapter 11 and in Appendix Y. For now, it is best to remember that we have in America a government of the United States**, and a government of each of the several States; moreover, each of these governments is distinct from the others, and each has citizens of its own. In parallel with the federal and State governments, there are federal citizens and there are State Citizens. Federal citizens are the same as 'U.S.** citizens' and 'citizens of the United States**'. If you are not a federal citizen, then you are an 'alien' with respect to the federal government. If you get confused, just recall the familiar distinction between State and federal governments, and then remember that each has citizens of its own. For consistency throughout this book, federal citizens will be spelled with a lower-case 'c' and State Citizens will be spelled with an UPPER-CASE 'C'. Happily for us, this convention is strictly obeyed throughout the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) and throughout the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) which promulgates the IRC.

Summary

The citizen/alien distinction explains the two columns of The Matrix. By definition, you are an alien with respect to the United States** if you are not a citizen of the United States**. The happy result of The Matrix is the legal and logical equation which exists between most State Citizens and nonresident aliens. A citizen of the United States** is the same thing as a federal citizen. Anyone who is not a federal citizen is an 'alien' with respect to the United States**. Therefore, as long as a State Citizen is not also a federal citizen, then such a State Citizen is an 'alien' as that term is defined in the IRC. State Citizens are free to reside wherever they choose, because their right to travel is an unalienable right. However, the term 'resident' has a very specific meaning in the IRC, whether it is used as an adjective or a noun.

The resident/nonresident distinction explains the two rows of The Matrix. An alien can be either a resident alien, or a nonresident alien. There are three and only three criteria to distinguish resident aliens from nonresident aliens: (1) lawful admission for permanent residence (2) substantial presence test and (3) election to be treated as a resident. All three of these criteria depend for their legal meaning upon the statutory definition of 'United States'. Therefore, if State Citizens are 'residents' of the United States** according to these criteria, then they are resident aliens, by definition. If State Citizens are not 'residents' of the United States** according to these criteria, then they are nonresident aliens, by definition. A deliberately confusing statute is clarified considerably by understanding the legal and logical equation which exists between State Citizens and nonresident aliens (like Frank R. Brushaber). They are one and the same thing, to the extent that State Citizens do not reside in the United States** and to the extent that they are not also federal citizens.

The issue of citizenship in America has been complicated a great deal because the federal government recognizes the legal possibility that one can be a federal citizen and a State citizen at the same time. This possibility exists primarily because of Section 1 of the so-called 14th Amendment. This amendment was carefully worded to recognize a dual citizenship, federal and State, but the State citizenship which it recognized was still a second class of citizenship. That is the reason why the term 'citizens' in the 14th Amendment is spelled with a small 'c'. The mountain of litigation that resulted from this amendment is proof that the issue of citizenship has become unnecessarily complicated in America. There is a logical path through this complexity, however, and a subsequent chapter will delineate this path as clearly and as simply as possible (see Chapter 11: Sovereignty). The main obstacles standing in the way of greater clarity are removed entirely by the all important finding that the 14th Amendment was never properly approved and adopted, just like the 16th Amendment.

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